elisp.pdf

GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual

For Emacs Version 23.3

Revision 3.0, July 2009

by Bil Lewis, Dan LaLiberte, Richard Stallman

and the GNU Manual Group

This is edition 3.0 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,

corresponding to Emacs version 23.3.

2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under

the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later

version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections

being “GNU General Public License,” with the Front-Cover texts being “A

GNU Manual,” and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the

license is included in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”

(a) The FSF’s Back-Cover Text is: “You have the freedom to copy and modify

this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in developing GNU

and promoting software freedom.”

Published by the Free Software Foundation

51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor

Boston, MA 02110-1301

USA

ISBN 1-882114-74-4

Cover art by Etienne Suvasa.

Short Contents

1 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1

2 Lisp Data Types :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8

3 Numbers ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 33

4 Strings and Characters :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 48

5 Lists ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 63

6 Sequences, Arrays, and Vectors ::::::::::::::::::::::::: 87

7 Hash Tables ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 97

8 Symbols ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 102

9 Evaluation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 110

10 Control Structures :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 119

11 Variables :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 136

12 Functions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 161

13 Macros :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 179

14 Writing Customization Deinitions :::::::::::::::::::::: 188

15 Loading ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 205

16 Byte Compilation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 219

17 Advising Emacs Lisp Functions :::::::::::::::::::::::: 230

18 Debugging Lisp Programs :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 241

19 Reading and Printing Lisp Objects ::::::::::::::::::::: 272

20 Minibufers :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 283

21 Command Loop :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 312

22 Keymaps :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 356

23 Major and Minor Modes :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 392

24 Documentation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 445

25 Files :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 454

26 Backups and Auto-Saving :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 494

27 Bufers :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 504

28 Windows :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 521

29 Frames :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 557

30 Positions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 591

31 Markers ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 604

32 Text :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 613

33 Non-ASCII Characters ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 672

34 Searching and Matching :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 698

35 Syntax Tables :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 722

36 Abbrevs and Abbrev Expansion :::::::::::::::::::::::: 737

37 Processes :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 744

38 Emacs Display :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 785

39 Operating System Interface ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 865

A Emacs 22 Antinews :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 894

B GNU Free Documentation License :::::::::::::::::::::: 896

C GNU General Public License :::::::::::::::::::::::::: 904

D Tips and Conventions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 915

E GNU Emacs Internals :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 928

F Standard Errors :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 949

G Bufer-Local Variables ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 953

H Standard Keymaps :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 957

I Standard Hooks :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 961

Index ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 966

iii

Table of Contents

1 Introduction ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1

1.1 Caveats :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1

1.2 Lisp History ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 1

1.3 Conventions:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2

1.3.1 Some Terms::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2

1.3.2 nil and t ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 2

1.3.3 Evaluation Notation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3

1.3.4 Printing Notation ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3

1.3.5 Error Messages :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 3

1.3.6 Bufer Text Notation :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4

1.3.7 Format of Descriptions :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 4

1.3.7.1 A Sample Function Description ::::::::::::::::::::::: 4

1.3.7.2 A Sample Variable Description:::::::::::::::::::::::: 6

1.4 Version Information :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6

1.5 Acknowledgements ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 7

2 Lisp Data Types :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 8

2.1 Printed Representation and Read Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::: 8

2.2 Comments ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9

2.3 Programming Types:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9

2.3.1 Integer Type :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 9

2.3.2 Floating Point Type:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10

2.3.3 Character Type :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10

2.3.3.1 Basic Char Syntax :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 10

2.3.3.2 General Escape Syntax :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 11

2.3.3.3 Control-Character Syntax ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12

2.3.3.4 Meta-Character Syntax:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 12

2.3.3.5 Other Character Modiier Bits ::::::::::::::::::::::: 13

2.3.4 Symbol Type::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 13

2.3.5 Sequence Types :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14

2.3.6 Cons Cell and List Types::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 14

2.3.6.1 Drawing Lists as Box Diagrams:::::::::::::::::::::: 15

2.3.6.2 Dotted Pair Notation:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 16

2.3.6.3 Association List Type ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 17

2.3.7 Array Type :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18

2.3.8 String Type :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18

2.3.8.1 Syntax for Strings ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 18

2.3.8.2 Non- ASCII Characters in Strings::::::::::::::::::::: 19

2.3.8.3 Nonprinting Characters in Strings ::::::::::::::::::: 19

2.3.8.4 Text Properties in Strings ::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20

2.3.9 Vector Type:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20

2.3.10 Char-Table Type:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 20

2.3.11 Bool-Vector Type ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 21

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