KernelProgramming.pdf

KernelProgrammingGuide

Drivers,Kernel,&Hardware

2011-03-08

AppleInc.

Allrightsreserved.

PowerPCandandthePowerPClogoare

trademarksofInternationalBusinessMachines

Corporation,usedunderlicensetherefrom.

SPECisaregisteredtrademarkoftheStandard

PerformanceEvaluationCorporation(SPEC).

UNIXisaregisteredtrademarkofTheOpen

Group

EventhoughApplehasreviewedthisdocument,

APPLEMAKESNOWARRANTYORREPRESENTATION,

EITHEREXPRESSORIMPLIED,WITHRESPECTTO

THISDOCUMENT,ITSQUALITY,ACCURACY,

MERCHANTABILITY,ORFITNESSFORAPARTICULAR

PURPOSE.ASARESULT,THISDOCUMENTIS

PROVIDED“ASIS,”ANDYOU,THEREADER,ARE

ASSUMINGTHEENTIRERISKASTOITSQUALITY

ANDACCURACY.

INNOEVENTWILLAPPLEBELIABLEFORDIRECT,

INDIRECT,SPECIAL,INCIDENTAL,OR

CONSEQUENTIALDAMAGESRESULTINGFROMANY

DEFECTORINACCURACYINTHISDOCUMENT,even

ifadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.

THEWARRANTYANDREMEDIESSETFORTHABOVE

AREEXCLUSIVEANDINLIEUOFALLOTHERS,ORAL

ORWRITTEN,EXPRESSORIMPLIED.NoApple

dealer,agent,oremployeeisauthorizedtomake

anymodification,extension,oradditiontothis

warranty.

Somestatesdonotallowtheexclusionorlimitation

ofimpliedwarrantiesorliabilityforincidentalor

consequentialdamages,sotheabovelimitationor

exclusionmaynotapplytoyou.Thiswarrantygives

youspecificlegalrights,andyoumayalsohave

otherrightswhichvaryfromstatetostate.

Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,

storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,in

anyformorbyanymeans,mechanical,

electronic,photocopying,recording,or

otherwise,withoutpriorwrittenpermissionof

AppleInc.,withthefollowingexceptions:Any

personisherebyauthorizedtostore

documentationonasinglecomputerfor

personaluseonlyandtoprintcopiesof

documentationforpersonaluseprovidedthat

thedocumentationcontainsApple’scopyright

notice.

TheApplelogoisatrademarkofAppleInc.

Nolicenses,expressorimplied,aregranted

withrespecttoanyofthetechnologydescribed

inthisdocument.Appleretainsallintellectual

propertyrightsassociatedwiththetechnology

describedinthisdocument.Thisdocumentis

intendedtoassistapplicationdevelopersto

developapplicationsonlyforApple-labeled

computers.

AppleInc.

1InfiniteLoop

Cupertino,CA95014

408-996-1010

.MacisaregisteredservicemarkofAppleInc.

Apple,theApplelogo,AppleTalk,Carbon,

Cocoa,eMac,Finder,FireWire,Keychain,Logic,

Mac,MacOS,Macintosh,Objective-C,Pages,

Panther,PowerMac,Quartz,QuickTime,Spaces,

andXcodearetrademarksofAppleInc.,

registeredintheUnitedStatesandother

countries.

NeXTandOPENSTEParetrademarksofNeXT

Software,Inc.,registeredintheUnitedStates

andothercountries.

DECisatrademarkofDigitalEquipment

Corporation.

IntelandIntelCoreareregisteredtrademarks

ofIntelCorportationoritssubsidiariesinthe

UnitedStatesandothercountries.

JavaisaregisteredtrademarkofOracleand/or

itsaffiliates.

OpenGLisaregisteredtrademarkofSilicon

Graphics,Inc.

Contents

Chapter1 AboutThisDocument 11

WhoShouldReadThisDocument 11

RoadMap 11

OtherApplePublications 12

MachAPIReference 13

InformationontheWeb 13

Chapter2 KeepOut 15

WhyYouShouldAvoidProgrammingintheKernel 15

Chapter3 KernelArchitectureOverview 17

Darwin 18

Architecture 19

Mach 20

BSD 20

I/OKit 21

KernelExtensions 22

Chapter4 TheEarlyBootProcess 23

BootROM 23

TheBootLoader 23

Rooting 24

Chapter5 SecurityConsiderations 25

SecurityImplicationsofPaging 26

BufferOverflowsandInvalidInput 26

UserCredentials 27

BasicUserCredentials 28

AccessControlLists 29

RemoteAuthentication 29

One-TimePads 29

Time-basedauthentication 30

TemporaryFiles 31

/dev/memand/dev/kmem 31

Key-basedAuthenticationandEncryption 31

PublicKeyWeaknesses 32

UsingPublicKeysforMessageExchange 34

CONTENTS

UsingPublicKeysforIdentityVerification 34

UsingPublicKeysforDataIntegrityChecking 34

EncryptionSummary 35

ConsoleDebugging 35

CodePassing 35

Chapter6 PerformanceConsiderations 37

InterruptLatency 37

LockingBottlenecks 38

WorkingWithHighlyContendedLocks 38

ReducingContentionbyDecreasingGranularity 39

CodeProfiling 39

UsingCountersforCodeProfiling 39

LockProfiling 40

Chapter7 KernelProgrammingStyle 43

C++NamingConventions 43

BasicConventions 43

AdditionalGuidelines 44

StandardCNamingConventions 44

CommonlyUsedFunctions 46

PerformanceandStabilityTips 48

StabilityTips 49

StyleSummary 50

Chapter8 MachOverview 51

MachKernelAbstractions 51

TasksandThreads 52

Ports,PortRights,PortSets,andPortNamespaces 53

MemoryManagement 54

InterprocessCommunication(IPC) 55

IPCTransactionsandEventDispatching 56

MessageQueues 56

Semaphores 57

Notifications 57

Locks 57

RemoteProcedureCall(RPC)Objects 57

TimeManagement 57

Chapter9 MemoryandVirtualMemory 59

MacOSXVMOverview 59

CONTENTS

MemoryMapsExplained 60

NamedEntries 61

UniversalPageLists(UPLs) 62

UsingMachMemoryMaps 63

OtherVMandVM-RelatedSubsystems 64

Pagers 65

WorkingSetDetectionSubsystem 65

VMSharedMemoryServerSubsystem 65

AddressSpaces 66

BackgroundInfoonPCIAddressTranslation 66

IOMemoryDescriptorChanges 67

VMSystemandpmapChanges: 68

KernelDependencyChanges 68

Summary 68

AllocatingMemoryintheKernel 68

AllocatingMemoryUsingMachRoutines 68

AllocatingMemoryFromtheI/OKit 69

Chapter10 MachSchedulingandThreadInterfaces 71

OverviewofScheduling 71

WhyDidMyThreadPriorityChange? 72

UsingMachSchedulingFromUserApplications 72

UsingthepthreadsAPItoInfluenceScheduling 73

UsingtheMachThreadAPItoInfluenceScheduling 73

UsingtheMachTaskAPItoInfluenceScheduling 75

KernelThreadAPIs 77

CreatingandDestroyingKernelThreads 77

SPLandFriends 78

WaitQueuesandWaitPrimitives 78

Chapter11 BootstrapContexts 81

HowContextsAffectUsers 82

HowContextsAffectDevelopers 82

Chapter12 I/OKitOverview 85

RedesigningtheI/OModel 85

I/OKitArchitecture 86

Families 87

Drivers 87

Nubs 87

ConnectionExample 88

ForMoreInformation 91

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: