Automotive - The Biodiesel Handbook.pdf

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The Biodiesel
Handbook
Editors
Gerhard Knothe
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research
Agricultural Research Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Peoria, Illinois, U.S.A.
Jon Van Gerpen
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa, U.S.A.
Jürgen Krahl
University of Applied Sciences
Coburg, Germany
Champaign, Illinois
Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press
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AOCS Mission Statement
To be the global forum for professionals interested in lipids and related materials
through the exchange of ideas, information science, and technology.
AOCS Books and Special Publications Committee
M. Mossoba, Chairperson, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland
R. Adlof, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, Illinois
P. Dutta, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
T. Foglia, ARS, USDA, ERRC, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania
V. Huang, Abbott Labs, Columbus, Ohio
L. Johnson, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
H. Knapp, Deanconess Billings Clinic, Billings, Montana
D. Kodali, General Mills, Minneapolis, Minnesota
T. McKeon, USDA, ARS, WRRC, Albany, California
R. Moreau, USDA, ARS, ERRC, Wyndoor, Pennsylvania
A. Sinclair, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
P. White, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
R. Wilson, USDA, REE, ARS, NPS, CPPVS, Beltsville, Maryland
Copyright (c) 2005 by AOCS Press. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced
or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission of the publisher.
The paper used in this book is acid-free and falls within the guidelines established to ensure
permanence and durability.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biodiesel : etc / editor, Author.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-000000-00-00 (acid-free paper)
1. XXXX. 2. XXXXX. 3. XXXX. I. Author(s).
TP991.S6884 2004
668'.12--dc22
2004008574
CIP
Printed in the United States of America.
08 07 06 05 04 5 4 3 2 1
Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press
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P r e f a c e
The technical concept of using vegetable oils or animal fats or even used oils as a renew-
able diesel fuel is a fascinating one. Biodiesel is now the form in which these oils and
fats are being used as neat diesel fuel or in blends with petroleum-based diesel fuels.
The concept itself may appear simple, but that appearance is deceiving since the
use of biodiesel is fraught with numerous technical issues. A c c o r d i n g l y, many
researchers around the world have dealt with these issues and in many cases devised
unique solutions. This book is an attempt to summarize these issues, to explain how they
have been dealt with, and to present data and technical information. Countless legisla-
tive and regulatory efforts around the world have helped pave the way toward the wide-
spread application of the concept. This book addresses these issues also. To complete
the picture, chapters on the history of vegetable oil-based diesel fuels, the basic concept
of the diesel engine, and glycerol, a valuable byproduct of biodiesel production, are
included.
We hope that the reader may find the information in this book useful and stimulat-
ing and that most of the significant issues regarding biodiesel are adequately addressed.
If a reader notices an error or inconsistency or has a suggestion to improve a possible
future edition of this book, he or she is encouraged to contact us.
This book has been compiled from the contributions of many authors, who gra-
ciously agreed to do so. We express our deepest appreciation to all of them. We also sin-
cerely thank the staff of AOCS Press for their professionalism and cooperation in bring-
ing the book to print.
Gerhard Knothe
Jon Van Gerpen
J ü rge n Krahl
November 4, 2004
Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press
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Contributing Au t h o r s
Gerhard Knothe, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604
Jon Van Gerpen, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University,
Ames, IA 50011
Michael J. Haas, USDA, ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
Thomas A. Foglia, USDA, ARS, ERRC, Wyndmoor, PA 19038
Robert O. Dunn, USDA, ARS, NCAUR, Peoria, IL 61604
Heinrich Prankl, BLT–Federal Institute of Agricultural Engineering, A 3250
Wieselburg, Austria
Leon Schumacher, Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri-
Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211
C.L. Peterson, Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering (Emeritus),
University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
Gregory Möller, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of
Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
Neil A. Bringe, Monsanto Corporation, St. Louis, MO 63167
Robert L. McCormick, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO
80401
Teresa L. Alleman, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401
Jürgen Krahl, University of Applied Sciences, Coburg, Germany
Axel Munack, Institute of Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Federal
Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany
Olaf Schröder, Institute of Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Federal
Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany
Hendrik Stein, Institute of Technology and Biosystems Engineering, Federal
Agricultural Research Center, Braunschweig, Germany
Jürgen Bünger, Center of Occupational and Social Medicine, University of
Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Steve Howell, MARC-IV Consulting Incorporated, Kearney, MO 64060
Joe Jobe, National Biodiesel Board, Jefferson City, MO 65101
Dieter Bockey, Union for Promoting Oilseed and Protein Plants, 10117 Berlin,
Germany
Copyright © 2005 AOCS Press
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