CocoaFundamentals.pdf

Cocoa Fundamentals Guide

General

2010-12-13

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Contents

Introduction Introduction 11

Organization of This Document 11

See Also 12

Chapter1 WhatIsCocoa? 13

The Cocoa Environment 13

Introducing Cocoa 13

How Cocoa Fits into Mac OS X 14

How Cocoa Fits into iOS 16

Features of a Cocoa Application 18

The Development Environment 21

Platform SDKs 21

Overview of Development Workflows 21

Xcode 22

Interface Builder 24

The iOS Simulator Application 26

Performance Applications and Tools 27

The Cocoa Frameworks 29

Foundation 30

AppKit (Mac OS X) 38

UIKit (iOS) 44

Comparing AppKit and UIKit Classes 49

Core Data 50

Other Frameworks with a Cocoa API 52

A Bit of History 53

Chapter2 CocoaObjects 55

A Simple Cocoa Command-Line Tool 55

Object-Oriented Programming with Objective-C 56

The Objective-C Advantage 56

The Dynamism of Objective-C 57

Extensions to the Objective-C Language 58

Using Objective-C 64

The Root Class 66

NSObject 67

Root Class—and Protocol 67

Overview of Root-Class Methods 68

Interface Conventions 69

Instance and Class Methods 70

CONTENTS

Object Retention and Disposal 70

How the Garbage Collector Works 71

How Memory Management Works 73

Object Creation 77

Allocating an Object 77

Initializing an Object 78

The dealloc and finalize Methods 85

Class Factory Methods 86

Introspection 87

Evaluating Inheritance Relationships 87

Method Implementation and Protocol Conformance 88

Object Comparison 89

Object Mutability 90

Why Mutable and Immutable Object Variants? 90

Programming with Mutable Objects 91

Class Clusters 95

Without Class Clusters: Simple Concept but Complex Interface 95

With Class Clusters: Simple Concept and Simple Interface 96

Creating Instances 96

Class Clusters with Multiple Public Superclasses 96

Creating Subclasses Within a Class Cluster 97

Toll-Free Bridging 102

Creating a Singleton Instance 104

Chapter3 AddingBehaviortoaCocoaProgram 107

Starting Up 107

What Happens in the main Function 107

Using a Cocoa Framework 109

Kinds of Framework Classes 109

Cocoa API Conventions 110

Inheriting from a Cocoa Class 112

When to Override a Method 113

When to Make a Subclass 115

Basic Subclass Design 117

The Form of a Subclass Definition 117

Overriding Superclass Methods 119

Instance Variables 119

Entry and Exit Points 121

Initialize or Decode? 122

Storing and Accessing Properties 123

Key-Value Mechanisms 128

Object Infrastructure 129

Error Handling 130

Resource Management and Other Efficiencies 131

Functions, Constants, and Other C Types 132

CONTENTS

When the Class Is Public (Mac OS X) 132

Multithreaded Cocoa Programs 133

Multithreading and Multiprocessing Resources 133

Multithreading Guidelines for Cocoa Programs 135

Are the Cocoa Frameworks Thread Safe? 136

Chapter4 CocoaDesignPatterns 137

What Is a Design Pattern? 137

A Solution to a Problem in a Context 137

An Example: The Command Pattern 138

How Cocoa Adapts Design Patterns 139

Abstract Factory 139

Adapter 140

Chain of Responsibility 141

Command 142

Composite 143

Decorator 145

Facade 147

Iterator 148

Mediator 148

Memento 151

Observer 153

Proxy 154

Receptionist 155

Singleton 158

Template Method 158

The Model-View-Controller Design Pattern 160

Roles and Relationships of MVC Objects 160

Types of Cocoa Controller Objects 162

MVC as a Compound Design Pattern 163

Design Guidelines for MVC Applications 165

Model-View-Controller in Cocoa (Mac OS X) 167

Object Modeling 167

Entities 168

Attributes 168

Relationships 169

Accessing Properties 170

Chapter5 CommunicatingwithObjects 175

Communication in Object-Oriented Programs 175

Outlets 175

Delegates and Data Sources 176

How Delegation Works 177

The Form of Delegation Messages 178

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