Łapanie preparowanie i przechowywanie owadów.pdf

EDITED BY M. E. SCHAUFF • SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY LABORATORY, USDA

NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NHB-168, WASHINGTON, DC 20560

Techniques and Tools

COLLECTING AND PRESERVING

INSECTS AND MITES:

TECHNIQUES AND TOOLS

EDITED BY M. E. SCHAUFF*

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, USDA

National Museum of Natural History, NHB 168

Washington, D.C. 20560

Contents

Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 3

What to Collect ..................................................................................................................................... 4

Part 1. Equipment and Collecting Methods .......................................................................................... 4

1.1 Basic Equipment .............................................................................................................. 4

1.2 Collecting Nets .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3 Killing Jars or Bottles ........................................................................................................ 7

1.4 Liquid Killing Agents ........................................................................................................ 8

1.5 Solid Killing Agents ........................................................................................................... 9

1.6 Aspirators and Suction Devices ....................................................................................... 10

1.7 Beating Sheets ............................................................................................................ 11

1.8 Sifters ............................................................................................................ 11

1.9 Separators and Extractors ................................................................................................ 11

1.10 Traps ............................................................................................................ 13

1.10.1 Effects of Elevation ........................................................................................ 13

1.10.2 Windowpane Traps ......................................................................................... 13

1.10.3 Interceptions Nets and Barriers ...................................................................... 13

1.10.4 Malaise Traps ................................................................................................. 14

1.10.5 Pitfall and Dish Traps ..................................................................................... 14

1.10.6 Moericke Traps and Other Color Traps ......................................................... 15

1.10.7 Emergence and Rearing Traps ....................................................................... 15

1.10.8 Lobster or Eel Trap ....................................................................................... 16

1.10.9 Light Traps ..................................................................................................... 16

1.10.10 Light Sheets .................................................................................................. 17

1.10.11 Sticky Traps .................................................................................................. 18

1.10.12 Snap Traps .................................................................................................... 18

1.10.13 Artificial Refuges ......................................................................................... 19

1.10.14 Electrical Grid Traps .................................................................................... 19

1.11 Baits, Lures, and Other Attractants ................................................................................ 19

1.11.1 Baiting With Feces. ........................................................................................ 20

1.11.2 The Oatmeal Trail ........................................................................................... 20

1.11.3 Pheromones and Other Attractants ................................................................. 20

1.11.4 - Sounds, etc. .................................................................................................. 20

1.12 - Collecting Aquatic and Soil Insects and Ectoparasites ................................................ 21

1.13 - Rearing ............................................................................................................ 21

1.13.1- Containers for Rearing ................................................................................. 21

1.13.2 - Rearing Conditions and Problems .............................................................. 22

1.13.2.1 - Moisture ........................................................................................ 22

1.13.2.2 - Temperature ................................................................................... 23

1.13.2.3 - Dormancy and Diapause ................................................................ 23

1.13.2.4 - Light .............................................................................................. 23

1.13.2.5 - Food ............................................................................................... 23

1.13.2.6 - Artificial Diets ............................................................................... 24

1.13.3 - Special Problems and Precautions in Rearing. ............................................ 24

Part 2. - Specimen Preservation .......................................................................................................... 24

2.1 - Liquid Agents for Killing and Preserving .................................................................... 24

2.2 - Temporary Storage of Specimens .................................................................................. 25

2.2.1 - Refrigeration and Freezing ............................................................................ 25

2.2.2 - Dry preservation ............................................................................................ 26

2.2.3 - Papering ......................................................................................................... 26

2.2.4 - Liquid Preservation ........................................................................................ 26

2.3- Preservation for Molecular Studies ................................................................................ 27

Part 3. Mounting Specimens ............................................................................................................ 27

3.1 - Preparing Dry Specimens for Mounting ........................................................................ 28

3.2 - Preparing Liquid-Preserved Specimens ........................................................................ 30

3.3 - Direct Pinning ............................................................................................................31

3.4 - Double Mounts ............................................................................................................ 32

3.5 - Spreading Boards and Blocks ........................................................................................ 35

3.5.1 - Construction of Spreading Boards. ................................................................ 35

3.5.2 - Using the Spreading Boards .......................................................................... 36

3.5.3 - Construction of Spreading Blocks. ................................................................ 37

3.6 - Riker Mounts ............................................................................................................ 38

3.7 - Inflation of Larvae ......................................................................................................... 38

3.8 - Artificial Drying ............................................................................................................ 38

3.9 - Embedding ............................................................................................................ 39

3.10 - Mounting Specimens for Microscopic Examination ................................................... 39

Part 4. - Sample Procedures 43

4.1 - Preparation and Storage of Genitalia. ............................................................................ 43

4.2 - Mounting Wings ............................................................................................................44

4.3 - Mounting Larvae of Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Other Groups. ................. 45

Part 5 - Labeling ............................................................................................................ 46

5.1 - Paper ............................................................................................................ 46

5.2 - Ink ............................................................................................................ 46

5.3 - Lettered and Printed Labels ........................................................................................... 46

5.4 - Size of Labels

............................................................................................................46

5.5 - Label Data

............................................................................................................ 47

5.6 - Placing the Labels .......................................................................................................... 47

5.7 - Bar Coding ............................................................................................................ 48

5.8 - Labeling Vials ............................................................................................................48

5.9 - Labeling Microscope Slides .......................................................................................... 48

5.10 - Identification Labels ....................................................................................................48

Part 6 - Care of the Collection ........................................................................................................... 48

6.1 - Housing the Collection .................................................................................................. 48

6.2 - Protecting Specimens From Pests and Mold ................................................................. 49

Part 7 - Packing and Shipping Specimens .......................................................................................... 50

7.1 - Packing Materials. ......................................................................................................... 50

7.2 - Pinned Specimens. .........................................................................................................50

7.3 - Specimens in Vials. ........................................................................................................ 51

7.4 - Loading Cartons. ........................................................................................................... 51

7.5 - Shipping Microscope Slides .......................................................................................... 52

7.6 - Shipping Live Specimens. ............................................................................................. 52

Introduction

The Class Arthropoda, which includes insects, spiders, mites, and their relatives, is without question the most

successful group of organisms on the planet. Insects alone account for nearly 55% of all species known to science

(Barrowclough 1992). Spiders, mites and insects inhabit every terrestrial habitat on the planet and play a major role in

the evolution and maintenance of biotic communities. They are the primary pollinators of flowering plants; they are

important consumers and recyclers of decaying organic matter; and they are integral components in the foodwebs of

vertebrates and other invertebrates. For these reasons, and many others, the study of insects and their relatives is of

increasing importance as society faces increased challenges to preserve and enhance environmental quality, reduce

pesticide usage, increase crop productivity, control food costs, and increase trade in the global community. Pest species

are responsible for enormous economic losses annually, attacking crops and ornamental plants, causing damage to our

food and clothing, and vectoring diseases that effect cultivated plants, our pets and livestock, and ourselves. The damage

cause by pests species is far outweighed by the positive effects of beneficial species. Pollinators ensure the production of

fruit, parasitoids and predators help control pest species, some species contain chemicals of pharmaceutical value, and a

large number of species contribute to the decomposition and recycling of dead and decaying matter.

Because of the damage inflicted by pest species, increased knowledge of these organisms has the potential to save

lives and money. Correct identification of a newly detected pest or disease vector is of utmost importance because the

scientific name of an organism is the key to all known information about its morphology, its behavior and life history,

and its potential threat to human welfare.

The behavior of insects and mites can be observed most easily in their natural environments. However, many

species, especially the smaller ones, must be collected and properly preserved before they can be identified. Because

correct identification seldom is easy, it is important that specimens be preserved in the best condition possible. The

identification of a particular insect or mite usually requires examination of minute details of its anatomy with the aid of a

hand lens or microscope. Some specimens may require dissection or even study with the electron microscope. If these

details on a specimen are concealed, missing, or destroyed because of improper handling or preservation, identification is

made difficult or impossible, and information about the species to which it belongs cannot be made available. Therefore,

adequate preservation and proper labeling of specimens are essential to their identification.

The methods used to collect insects and mites are dictated by the ultimate goal of the samples collected. Insects

may be collected as a hobby for personal enjoyment of their diversity and beauty. They may be collected in conjunction

with school courses on biology or entomology. Specific insects groups may be sampled to assess or measure biodiversity

* This manual is an updated and modified version of the USDA Misc. Publication no. 1443 published by the Agricultural

Research service in 1986 and Edited by George C. Steyskal, William L. Murphy, and Edna M. Hoover.

Collecting and Preserving Insects and Mites

to help identify appropriate areas to be included in

reserves. Aquatic species may be used to detect changes in

water quality. Pest species may be sampled to assess

presence/absence or abundance in order to determine

whether control measures are necessary. Specific groups

or species may be collected to acquire material for

biological, physiological, ecological, molecular, and

systematic studies.

the specimens they photograph if positive identification is

desired; minute, critical diagnostic characters often are not

depicted in photographs. If specimens are destined for

display cases that portray them in their natural habitats, it

may be important to collect a sample of the host plant for

the display.

Many persons starting a collection attempt to collect

every specimen they find. Biology students in high school

and college are often required to collect specimens from as

many orders or groups as possible. The experience and

knowledge gained in making a general collection are of

value in helping the collector decide on a specialty.

However, with so many different kinds of insects from

which to choose—over 100,000 described species in North

America alone—most persons find that as their skills and

interests increase, concentrating eventually on 1 or 2 of the

major insect or mite groups is desirable. Specimens other

than those in a chosen group may still be collected for

exchange with other collectors.

This manual provides a summary of the methods and

techniques used by professionals and amateurs alike to

collect and preserve specimens for study. While many of

the methods covered here, such as pinning, have changed

very little in the last hundred years, other techniques have

become available only in the last few years or decades

with advancing technologies. Older manuals such as

Steyskal et al. (1986), Martin (1977) and Upton (1991)

while still useful will not cover such these as preservation

for molecular studies. In addition, most of these older

publications are now out of print and may be difficult to

find.

What to Collect

References: Lewis & Taylor 1965; Seber 1973;

Barrowclough 1992.

Because of their incredible diversity, insects, mites,

and other related groups vary widely as to their proper

collecting requirements and methods. In the following

sections, we will explore some of the many recommended

techniques and look at the varied equipment used by

collectors. The emphasis will be on insects and mites, but

much of what is included here will also pertain to other

related groups such as spiders.

Part 1. Equipment and Collecting Methods

1.1 Basic Equipment

Collecting methods may be divided into two broad

categories. In the first the collector actively searches out

Which species and how many

specimens to collect depends on the

purpose for which the material is

intended. For hobbyists and students,

small samples are usually adequate.

However, when important pest insects

and mites need to be identified, they

should be collected in series if at all

feasible. A sample of 20 specimens

should be considered the minimum,

and even larger numbers may be

desirable. If adults and immatures are

present, specimens should be col-

lected of all life stages. Excess

specimens can be discarded or

exchanged, but it is not always

possible to collect additional speci-

mens when needed. Frequently insects

and mites cannot be identified

accurately from immature stages, and

it is then necessary to rear them to the

adult stage to obtain a precise identifi-

cation. Photographers should collect

Fig. 1. A field collecting kit.

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