McDougal Littell - British Literature (6) R1 - R176.pdf - Antologie i opracowania - Patrusiak

Student Resource Bank

Reading Handbook

4 Synonyms and Antonyms

R75

Denotation and Connotation

R75

Reading Literary Texts

6 Analogies

R75

Reading Informational Texts: Text Features

Homonyms and Homophones

R75

Reading Informational Texts: Patterns

of Organization

4 Reading Informational Texts: Forms

8 Words with Multiple Meanings

R76

R13

9 Specialized Vocabulary

R76

Reading Persuasive Texts

R19

10 Using Reference Sources

R76

6 Adjusting Reading Rate to Purpose

R25

11 Spelling Rules

R76

Writing Handbook

12 Commonly Confused Words

R79

R26

Speaking and Listening Handbook

The Writing Process

R26

R80

Building Blocks of Good Writing

R28

Speech

R80

Descriptive Writing

R32

Different Types of Oral Presentations

R82

4 Narrative Writing

R34

Other Types of Communication

R85

Expository Writing

R35

4 Active Listening

R86

6 Persuasive Writing

R38

Media Handbook

R88

Workplace and Technical Writing

R40

Five Core Concepts in Media Literacy

R88

Research Handbook

R44

Media Basics

R88

Film and TV

R90

Finding Sources

R44

4 News

R91

Collecting Information

R48

Advertising

R93

Sharing Your Research

R49

Elements of Design

R94

Grammar Handbook

R50

Evaluating Media Messages

R95

uick Reference: Parts of Speech

R50

Test-Taking Handbook

R96

uick Reference: The Sentence and Its Parts

R52

General Test-Taking Strategies

R96

uick Reference: Punctuation

R53

Critical Reading

R97

uick Reference: Capitalization

R55

Writing

R102

Nouns

R56

4 Essay

R103

Pronouns

R56

Verbs

R59

Glossary of Literary Terms

R104

Modifiers

R61

Glossary of Reading &

R125

Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections

R63

Informational Terms

Glossary of Vocabulary

The Sentence and Its Parts

R64

Phrases

R65

R131

Verbals and Verbal Phrases

R65

in English & Spanish

Pronunciation Key

Clauses

R66

10 The Structure of Sentences

R67

R138

Writing Complete Sentences

R68

Index of Fine Art

R139

12 Subject-Verb Agreement

R69

Index of Skills

R141

Vocabulary and Spelling Handbook

R72

Index of Titles and Authors

R163

Using Context Clues

R72

Acknowledgments

R167

Analyzing Word Structure

R73

Art Credits

Understanding Word Origins

R74

R170

Reading Handbook

Reading any text—short story, poem, magazine article, newspaper, Web page—requires

the use of special strategies. For example, you might plot events in a short story on a

diagram, while you may use text features to spot main ideas in a magazine article. You

also need to identify patterns of organization in the text. Using such strategies can help

you read different texts with ease and also help you understand what you’re reading.

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Included in this handbook:

R2.1 (p. R14), R2.2 (pgs. R8–R12), R2.3

(pgs. R14–R17), R2.4 (pgs. R19–R24),

R2.6 (pgs. R19–24), LS1.5 (pgs. R20–

R21), LS1.12 (pgs. R22–R23)

1 Reading LiteraryTexts

Literary texts include short stories, novels, poems, and dramas. Literary texts can also be

biographies, autobiographies, and essays. To appreciate and analyze literary texts, you will

need to understand the characteristics of each type of text.

1.1 reading a short story

Strategies for Reading

• Read the title. As you read the story, you may notice

that the title has a special meaning.

• Keep track of events as they happen. Plot the events

on a diagram like this one.

Meanings of

difficult words

uestion

about poem

Title and author of poem

Opinion of

poem

Favorite line

in poem

Climax

Rising Action Falling Action

1.3 reading a play

Strategies for Reading

• Read the stage directions to help you visualize the

setting and characters.

Resolution

Exposition

• From the details the writer provides, visualize the

characters. Predict what they might do next.

• Look for specific adjectives that help you visualize the

setting —the time and place in which events occur.

• Note cause-and-effect relationships and how these

affect the conflict .

1.2 reading a poem

Strategies for Reading

• Notice the form of the poem, or the arrangement of

its lines and stanzas on the page.

• Read the poem aloud a few times. Listen for and note

the rhymes and rhythms.

• Visualize the images and comparisons.

• Connect with the poem by asking yourself what

message the poet is trying to send.

• Create a word web or another graphic organizer to

record your reactions and questions.

uestion what the title means and why the

playwright chose it.

• Identify the main conflict (struggle or problem) in the

play. To clarify the conflict, make a chart that shows

what the conflict is and how it is resolved.

• Evaluate the characters. What do they want? How do

they change during the play? You may want to make

a chart that lists each character’s name, appearance,

and traits.

1.4 reading literary nonfiction

Strategies for Reading

• If you are reading a biography, an autobiography, or

another type of biographical writing, such as a diary

or memoir, use a family tree to keep track of the

people mentioned.

• When reading an essay, analyze and evaluate the

writer’s ideas and reasoning. Does the writer present

a thesis statement? use sound logic? adequately

support opinions with facts and other evidence?

• For all types of nonfiction, be aware of the author’s

purpose, and note any personal bias of the writer that

might influence the presentation of information.

reading handbook

•

2 Reading Informational Texts: Text Features

An informational text is writing that provides factual information. Informational

materials, such as chapters in textbooks and articles in magazines, encyclopedias, and

newspapers, usually contain elements that help the reader recognize their purposes,

organizations, and key ideas. These elements are known as text features.

2.1 understanding text features

Text features are design elements of a text that indicate its organizational structure or

otherwise make its key ideas and information understandable. Text features include titles,

headings, subheadings, boldface type, bulleted and numbered lists, and graphic aids, such

as charts, graphs, illustrations, art, and photographs. Notice how the text features help

you find key information on the textbook page shown.

The title identifies the topic.

A subheading indicates the start of

a new topic or section and identifies

the focus of that section.

C Boldface type is used to make key

terms obvious.

D A bulleted list shows items of equal

importance.

E Graphic aids, such as illustrations,

art, photographs, charts, graphs,

diagrams, maps, and timelines, often

clarify ideas in the text.

practice and apply

1. “The Romantic Movement” is

a subheading under the title

“Revolutions in the Arts.” What

does the heading suggest about

the romantic movement?

2. What are two key terms

associated with the romantic

movement? How do you know?

3. What does the bulleted list

explain? Is it an effective text

organizer as used on this page?

Explain why or why not.

reading handbook

2.2 using text features

2.3 turning text headings into

outline entries

You can use text features to locate information, to

help you understand it, and to categorize it. Just

use the following strategies when you encounter

informational text.

You can also use text features to take notes in outline

form. The following outline shows how one student

used text headings from the sample page on page R3.

Study the outline and use the strategies that follow to

create an outline based on text features.

Strategies for Reading

• Scan the title, headings, and subheadings to get

an idea of the main concepts and the way the text

is organized.

• Before you begin reading the text more thoroughly,

read any questions that appear at the end of a lesson

or chapter. Doing this will help you set a purpose for

your reading.

• Turn subheadings into questions. Then use the text

below the subheadings to answer the questions. Your

answers will be a summary of the text.

• Take notes by turning headings and subheadings into

main ideas. You might use a chart like the following.

I. Revolutions in the Arts

A. The Romantic Movement

Main Heading

Roman-numeral

entry

Romanticism showed

interest in nature and the

individual.

Subheading

capital-letter

entry

Nationalism was also a

theme; some poets were also

freedom fighters.

Detail

number

entry

Strategies for Using Text Headings

• Preview the headings and subheadings in the text to

get an idea of what different kinds there are and what

their positions might be in an outline.

• Be consistent. Note that subheadings that are the

same size and color should be used consistently

in Roman-numeral or capital-letter entries in the

outline. If you decide that a chapter heading should

appear with a Roman numeral, then that’s the level

at which all other chapter headings should appear.

• Write the headings and subheadings that you will

use as your Roman-numeral and capital-letter entries

first. As you read, fill in numbered details from the

text under the headings and subheadings in your

outline.

Revolutions in the Arts

Main Heading

The

Romantic

Movement

Notes:

Subheading

Romanticism showed

interest in nature and

the individual.

Nationalism was also

a theme; some poets

were also freedom

fighters.

practice and apply

Find a suitable chapter in one of your textbooks, then,

using its text features, take notes on the chapter in

outline form.

Preview the subheadings in the text to get an

idea of the different kinds. Write the headings and

subheadings you are using as your Roman-numeral

and capital-letter entries first. Then fill in the details.

reading handbook

Reading Handbook

2.4 graphic aids

Line graphs show changes in numerical quantities

over time and are effective in presenting trends, such

as unemployment rates, production and consumption

rates, and the like. A line graph is made on a grid.

Here, the vertical axis indicates the amount of cotton

consumption, and the horizontal axis shows years.

Points on the graph indicate data. The lines that

connect the points indicate the trends or patterns.

Information is communicated not only with words

but also with graphic aids. Graphic aids are visual

representations of verbal statements. They can be

charts, webs, diagrams, graphs, photographs, or other

visual representations of information. Graphic aids

usually make complex information easier to understand.

For that reason, graphic aids are often used to organize,

simplify, and summarize information for easy reference.

MODEL : LINE GRAPH

Graphs

Graphs are used to illustrate statistical information.

A graph is a drawing that shows the relative values

of numerical quantities. Different kinds of graphs

are used to show different numerical relationships.

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Strategies for Reading

A Read the title.

B Find out what is being represented or measured.

C In a circle graph, compare the sizes of the parts.

D In a line graph, study the slant of the line. The

steeper the line, the faster the rate of change.

E In a bar graph, compare the lengths of the bars.

A circle graph, or pie graph, shows the relationships of

parts to a whole. The entire circle equals 100 percent.

The parts of the circle represent percentages of the

whole.

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MODEL : CIRCLE GRAPH

Shakespeare Plays

In a bar graph, vertical or horizontal bars are used to

show or compare categories of information. The lengths

of the bars typically correspond to quantities.

MODEL : BAR GRAPH

Histories

Comedies

Shakespeare Plays

Tragedies

7!4#(ß/54 Evaluate carefully the information

presented in graphs. For example, circle graphs show

major factors and differences well but tend to minimize

smaller factors and differences.

reading handbook

McDougal Littell - British Literature (6) R1 - R176.pdf

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