AlternativeLEC2.pdf
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Microsoft PowerPoint - AlternativeLEC2
Alternative Water Treatment
Membrane Technologies
Part 1
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General Description
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Taxonomy
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Application
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Membrane technology Î basic terms
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Array Î Interconnected stages in series
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Feed Î Input stream to the membrane array
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Concentrate (reject, residual stream) Î Membrane
output stream that contains higher TDS than the feed
stream
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Brine Î concentrate stream containingTDS >36000 ppm
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Permeate (product) Î Mmebrane output stream that
contains lower TDs than the feed stream
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Pressure vessel Î Single tube with several membrane
elelemnts in series
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Stage (bank) - Parallel pressure vessels
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Rejection Î Percentage solute concentration reduction of
the permeate stream relative to the feed stream
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Membrane technology Î basic terms
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Solute Î Dissolved solids in raw, feed, permeate and
concentrate streams;
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Solvent Î Liquid , usually water, containing disssolved
solids;
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Flux Î mass rate or volume rate of transfer through a
membrane surface;
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Scaling Î precipitation of solid material from the feed
stream in a membrane element;
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Fouling Î Deposition of solid material from the feed
stream in a membrane element
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MTC Î Mass or volume unit transfer through a
membrane based on driving force
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Membrane technology fundamentals
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Separation of solid particles using low-size porous
media;
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Driving force of the process : pressure difference
between both sides of membranes
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Basic types of membranes (by construction):
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Hollow fiber (mostly for desalination), less subject to
fouling ;
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Spiral wound (mostly for water treatment)
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Basic type of membranes by size of pores (also by size
of components rejected), please note that with decrease
of size of rejected components a transmembrane
presssure decreases
(TP Î a pressure necessary to transport
fluid throgh the membrane)
4
Size ranges
of membrane processes and contaminants
5
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