frontmaterial.PDF

Weber, M. J. “Frontmatter”

Handbook of Laser Wavelengths.

Ed. Marvin J. Weber

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 1999

PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS

Group

IIA

New Notation

Previous IUPAC Form

CAS Version

IIIB

IIIA

IVB

IVA

VIB

VIA

VIIB

VIIA

VIIIA

Shell

1.00794

-1

4.002602

-4

+ +2

+ +4

+ -1

- -3

-2

-1

Key to Chart

Atomic Number

Symbol

1995 Atomic Weight

118.710

-18-18-4

Oxidation States

6.941

2-1

9.012182

2-2

10.811

2-3

12.0107

2-4

14.00674

2-5

15.9994

2-6

18.9984032

2-7

20.1797

2-8

Electron

Configuration

K-L

-4

-3

-2

-1

IIIA

IIIB

IVA

IVB

VIA

VIB

VIIA

VIIB

VIIIA

VIII

IIB

22.989770

2-8-1

24.3050

2-8-2

26.981538

2-8-3

28.0855

2-8-4

30.973761

2-8-5

32.066

2-8-6

35.4527

2-8-7

39.948

2-8-8

K-L-M

-3

-2

-1

39.0983

-8-8-1

40.078

-8-8-2

44.955910

-8-9-2

47.867

-8-10-2

50.9415

-8-11-2

51.9961

-8-13-1

55.845

-8-13-2

58.933200

-8-15-2

58.6934

-8-16-2

63.546

-8-18-1

65.39

-8-18-2

69.723

-8-18-3

72.61

-8-18-4

74.92160

-8-18-5

78.96

-8-18-6

79.904

-8-18-7

83.80

-8-18-8

-L-M-N

-8-13-2

-3

-2

-1

54.938049

85.4678

-18-8-1

87.62

-18-8-2

88.90585

-18-9-2

91.224

-18-10-2

92.90638

-18-12-1

95.94

-18-13-1

(98)

-18-13-2

101.07

-18-15-1

102.90550

-18-16-1

106.42

-18-18-0

107.8682

-18-18-1

112.411

-18-18-2

114.818

-18-18-3

118.710

-18-18 -4

121.760

-18-18-5

127.60

-18-18-6

126.90447

-18-18-7

131.29

-18-18-8

-M-N-O

57*

132.90545

-18-8-1

137.327

-18-8-2

138.9055

-18-9-2

178.49

-32-10-2

180.9479

-32-11-2

183.84

-32-12-2

186.207

-32-13-2

190.23

-32-14-2

192.217

-32-15-2

195.078

-32-17-1

196.96655

-32-18-1

200.59

-32-18-2

204.3833

-32-18-3

207.2

-32-18-4

208.98038

-32-18-5

(209)

-32-18-6

(210)

-32-18-7

(222)

-32-18-8

-N-O-P

(223)

-18-8-1

(226)

-18-8-2

89**

(227)

-18-9-2

104

(261)

-32-10-2

105

(262)

-32-11-2

106

(266)

-32-12-2

107

(264)

-32-13-2

108

(269)

-32-14-2

109

(268)

-32-15-2

110

Uun

(271)

-32-16-2

111

Uuu

112

Uub

(272)

-O-P-Q

* Lanthanides

140.116

-19-9-2

140.90765

-21-8-2

144.24

-22-8-2

(145)

-23-8-2

150.36

-24-8-2

151.964

-25-8-2

157 .25

-25-9-2

158.92534

-27-8-2

162.50

-28-8-2

164.93032

-29-8-2

167.26

-30-8-2

168.93421

-31-8-2

173.04

-32-8-2

174.967

-32-9-2

-N-O-P

232.0381

-18-10-2

231.03588

-20-9-2

238.0289

-21-9-2

+ + + +6

(237)

-22-9-2

+ + + +6

(244)

-24-8-2

+ + + +6

(243)

-25-8-2

+ + + +6

(247)

-25-9-2

(247)

-27-8-2

(251)

-28-8-2

(252)

-29-8-2

100

(257)

-30-8-2

101

(258)

-31-8-2

102

(259)

-32-8-2

103

(262)

-32-9-2

** Actinides

-O-P-Q

The new IUPAC format numbers the groups from 1 to 18. The previous IUPAC numbering system and the system used by Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) are also shown. For radioactive

elements that do not occur in nature, the mass number of the most stable isotope is given in parentheses.

References

1. G. J. Leigh, Editor, Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry , Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1990.

2. Chemical and Engineering News , 63(5), 27, 1985.

3. Atomic Weights of the Elements, 1995, Pure & Appl. Chem. , 68, 2339, 1996.

1999

LLC

Handbook of

Laser

Wavelengths

Marvin J. Weber Ph.D.

Lawence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of California

Berkeley, California

 1999 by CRC PRESS LLC

1999

LLC

Foreword

It is really amazing how many laser transitions and how many laser wavelengths have

been discovered. They cover nearly every class of material, from free electrons through

gases, liquids, and solids. It is perhaps even more amazing that the comprehensive

listing in this book could be compiled through the collaboration of leading experts in

each of the fields.

Forty years ago, when Charles Townes and I were first trying to discover how lasers

might be made, it seemed very difficult. We had always been taught that the world was

pretty close to being in equilibrium, even though masers had shown that you could

sometimes get away from it. As Ali Javan pointed out then, when discussing possible

gas lasers, there are many processes tending to restore equilibrium. Moreover, since

nobody had ever made a laser, we thought it might be very difficult. There might be

some hidden problem that we had over-looked. But that turned out to be wrong and

some kinds of lasers are quite easy to make once you know how.

When thinking of possible laser materials, I for one had plenty of blind spots and poorly

based prejudices. For instance, I knew that the optical gain, for a given excess of

excited atoms, would be inversely proportional to the spectral linewidth. Thus I felt that

narrow lines were essential, overlooking the fact that some broad bands in things like

organic dyes have large oscillator strengths and so make up for their large width. Also,

for a time I couldn't see why anyone would want to use a laser to pump another, thereby

compounding their inefficiencies.

Fortunately, lasers attracted the interest and stimulated the imagination of large

numbers of very clever people. Some of them had specialized knowledge of things like

crystal growing, very hot plasmas, or semiconductor luminescence. From their work

have come the very many types of lasers listed in this book. Some of the discoveries

resulted from careful study and planning, while others were serendipitous.

Many lasers have been discovered but never put to any practical use. In some cases,

gases are too corrosive or too easily adsorbed on the walls. In others, crystalline

materials are too difficult to grow in useful sizes, or are too hygroscopic. Sometimes,

there just isn’t any obvious need for that kind of laser. Perhaps someone browsing in this

book will find something for a new use, or will think of ways to overcome the apparent

difficulties.

Perhaps also in the future, or even now, someone will recognize other blind spots and

will see new approaches to yield still more types of useful lasers.

Arthur L. Schawlow

Stanford University

 1999 by CRC PRESS LLC

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