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“FrontMatter.”

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology

Ed. Alan E. Comyns

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

C ONTENTS

Dictionary

Bibliography

Appendix: Key to Products

D EDICATION

Dedicated to the generations of industrial chemists and

engineers whose ingenuity has given us the materials

of civilization.

A UTHOR

Dr. Alan Comyns has had an unusually varied career in academic, government, and indus-

trial research laboratories. He graduated with first class honors in chemistry from the

University of London at the age of nineteen. His Ph.D. work, carried out in the Hughes-

Ingold school of physical-organic chemistry at University College London, was followed by

post-doctoral studies in the United States at Caltech and the University of Wisconsin. He has

worked at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell (U.K.), British Titan

Products (now Tioxide Ltd.), U.K., Westinghouse Electric in Pittsburgh, and National Lead

in New Jersey. From 1974 to 1988 he was Product Research Manager, later Chief Scientist,

at Laporte Industries in Widnes (U.K.). In the 1980s he was a part-time Visiting Lecturer in

Industrial Chemistry at the University of East Anglia. He is now an independent consultant

and author, specializing in market studies for inorganic chemicals and materials.

His recent publications include: Fluoride Glasses (John Wiley & Sons, Chichester,

1989), still the only monograph in this field; Titania and the Titanates (Mitchell Market

Reports, London, 1989 and 1992), a 232-page study describing the nonpigmentary uses of

titanium dioxide and the inorganic titanates; Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical

Technology (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1993), a key reference work which describes

more than 2,000 processes in 337 pages; Inorganic Peroxides and Peroxy Compounds (in

Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed.,Vol. 18, 203–229); and Fillers,

Extenders and White Pigments in Western Europe and North America (Materials Technology

Publications, Watford, 1997), a 209-page study, describing over 30 products. He edits, and

largely writes, Focus on Catalysts, a monthly newsletter published by the Royal Society of

Chemistry.

Dr. Comyns was one of the founders of the Applied Solid State Chemistry Group of the

Royal Society of Chemistry. He has been Chairman of the Industrial Inorganic Chemicals

Group of the Royal Society of Chemistry and Chairman of the Liverpool Section of the

Society of Chemical Industry.

His hobbies include collecting antique glass and archaeology.

I NTRODUCTION TO THE

F IRST E DITION

The purpose of this dictionary is to provide concise descriptions of those processes in chem-

ical technology which are known by special names which are not self-explanatory.

The chemical industry is notoriously difficult to define. In addition to its obvious role as

a producer of ‘chemicals’ such as sulphuric acid, it may be said to embrace all those indus-

tries in which chemical processes are conducted. There is no generally agreed list of such in-

dustries, but obvious industries include extractive metallurgy, plastics, paper, ceramics,

sewage treatment, and now even electronics. It is this broad spectrum of ‘chemical technol-

ogy’ that is addressed in this book. It thus includes the gigantic Bessemer process for mak-

ing steel, and the microscopic Manesevit process for applying circuits to silicon chips. The

only deliberate omission is food chemistry.

The aim has been to include all those processes that are known by special names, of what-

ever origin. Of course, only a minority of industrial chemical processes are distinguished by

the possession of special names, so this book does not attempt to include all of even the more

important processes. Overviews of the industry are provided by other books, notably the en-

cyclopædias listed below. Many named processes are included in such works, but only a frac-

tion of the names in the present compilation are to be found in them.

The names are a heterogeneous collection—inventors, companies, institutions, places,

acronyms, abbreviations, and obvious corruptions of the chemical nomenclature.

Derivations, where known, are indicated in square brackets [ ]. The names of chemicals used

in the entries are the traditional names commonly used in industry today.

Criteria for selection of names for inclusion are inevitably subjective, but the intention has

been to include all named processes in current commercial use anywhere in the world, and

those which have been or are being piloted on a substantial scale. Obsolete processes which

have been or might have been important in the past are included too. The coverage is pri-

marily of English names but some foreign names are included.

Process names which combine the name of a company with the name of a chemical, e.g.

the Monsanto Acetic Acid process, have mostly been excluded because they are self-

explanatory and can be found in the encyclopædias.

Some companies (e.g. Lurgi, Texaco) are best known for one process, even though they

may have developed many others; in general, only their most famous one is included here

under the company name. Their other processes are included if they have special names.

Process names which combine the names of two collaborating companies (e.g.

Mobil/Badger) have mostly been included. Company names are usually given in the styles in

use at the times of their respective inventions, as given in patent applications.

Where two or more processes have the same name, they are distinguished by numbers in

parentheses, e.g. Parex (1), Parex (2). Because the numbers are not parts of the names they

are not emboldened.

Names of chemical reactions have mostly been excluded, being adequately defined in

standard chemical texts and in the special chemical dictionaries listed below. There is re-

markably little overlap between reaction names and process names: discoverers of chemical

reactions seldom develop them into manufacturing processes. However, some generic

process names which combine two or more reactions (e.g. oxychlorination, dehydrocy-

clodimerization) have been included because they are not generally to be found in any

dictionaries. These hybrid names are distinguished by being given lower-case initial letters.

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