ashrae hvac 2001 fundamentals handbook(1).pdf

CONTRIBUTORS

In addition to the Technical Committees, the following individuals contributed significantly

to this volume. The appropriate chapter numbers follow each contributor’s name.

Charles H. Bemisderfer (1)

York International

Kenneth M. Wallingford (9)

NIOSH

Eric W. Lemmon (20)

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

Donald C. Erickson (1)

Energy Concepts Co.

Richard S. Gates (10)

University of Kentucky

Mark O. McLinden (20)

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

Hans-Martin Hellmann (1)

Zent-Frenger

Albert J. Heber (10)

Purdue University

Steven G. Penoncello (20)

University of Idaho

Thomas H. Kuehn (1, 6)

University of Minnesota

Farhad Memarzadeh (10)

National Institutes of Health

Sherry K. Emmrich (21)

Dow Chemical

Christopher P. Serpente (1)

Carrier Corp.

Gerald L. Riskowski (10, 11)

University of Illinois

Lewis G. Harriman III (22)

Mason-Grant Company

Robert M. Tozer (1)

Waterman-Gore M&E Consulting

Engineers

Yuanhui Zhang (10)

University of Illinois

Hugo L.S.C. Hens (23)

Katholieke Universiteit

Anthony M. Jacobi (2)

University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign

Roger C. Brook (11)

Michigan State University

Achilles N. Karagiozis (23)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Joe F. Pedelty (12, 13)

Holcomb Environmental Services

Dr. Arthur E. Bergles (3)

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Hartwig M. Kuenzel (23)

Fraunhofer Institut Bauphysik

Pamela Dalton (13)

Monell Chemical Senses Center

Michael M. Ohadi (3, 5)

University of Maryland

Anton TenWolde (23)

Forest Products Laboratory

Martin Kendal-Reed (13)

Florida State University Sensory Research

Institute

Steven J. Eckels (4)

Kansas State University

William Brown (24)

Morrison Herschfield

James C. Walker (13)

Florida State University Research Institute

Rick J. Couvillion (5)

University of Arkansas

Andre Desjarlais (24)

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Albert C. Kent (5)

Southern Illinois University

Rick Stonier (14)

Gray Wolf Sensing Solutions

David Roodvoets (24)

DLR Consultants

Ray Rite (5)

Trane Company

Monica Y. Amalfitano (15)

P2S Engineering

William B. Rose (24, 25)

University of Illinois

Jason T. LeRoy (6)

Trane Company

James J. Coogan (15)

Siemens Building Technologies

William P. Goss (25)

University of Massachusetts

Warren E. Blazier, Jr. (7)

Warren Blazier Associates, Inc.

David M. Underwood (15)

USA-CERL

Malcolm S. Orme (26)

Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre

Alfred C. C. Warnock (7)

National Research Council Canada

John J. Carter (16)

CPP Inc.

Andrew K. Persily (26)

National Institute of Standards and

Technology

Larry G. Berglund (8)

U.S. Army Research Institute for

Environmental Medicine

Dr. David J. Wilson (16)

University of Alberta

Brian A. Rock (26)

University of Kansas

William J. Coad (17)

McClure Engineering Assoc.

Gemma Kerr (9, 12)

InAir Environmental Ltd.

Armin F. Rudd (26)

Building Science Corporation

David Grumman (17)

Grumman/Butkus Associates

D.J. Marsick (9)

U.S. Department of Energy

Max H. Sherman (26)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Douglas W. DeWerth (18)

D.J. Moschandreas (9)

The Institute for Science, Law, and

Technology

Robert G. Doerr (19)

The Trane Company

Iain S. Walker (26)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Craig P. Wray (26)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

University of Nebraska-Omaha

Thomas Romine (29)

Romine, Romine & Burgess

David Tait (30)

Tait Solar

Christopher Wilkins (29)

Hallam Associates

Leslie Norford (31)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Grenville K. Yuill (26)

University of Nebraska-Omaha

D. Charlie Curcija (30)

University of Massachusetts

Robert Morris (27)

Environment Canada

Climate and Water Products Division

Fred S. Bauman (32)

University of California

William C. duPont (30)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Mohammad H. Hosni (32)

Kansas State University

Raymond G. Alvine (28)

John F. Hogan (30)

Jim Norman (28)

AAA Enterprises

Joseph H. Klems (30)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Leon Kloostra (32)

TITUS, Division of Tomkins

Charles F. Turdik (28)

W. Ross McCluney (30)

Florida Solar Energy Center

Raymond H. Horstman (33)

Boeing Commercial Airplanes

Lynn Bellenger (29)

Pathfinder Engineers LLP

M. Susan Reilly (30)

Enermodal Engineering

Herman F. Behls (34)

Behls & Associates

Steven Bruning (29)

Newcomb & Boyd

Eleanor S. Lee (30)

Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

Albert W. Black (35)

McClure Engineering Associates

Curt Petersen (29)

ASHRAE HANDBOOK COMMITTEE

Dennis J. Wessel, Chair

2001 Fundamentals Volume Subcommittee: George Reeves, Chair

David E. Claridge

Frederick H. Kohloss

Brian A. Rock

T. David Underwood Michael W. Woodford

ASHRAE HANDBOOK STAFF

Jeanne Baird, Associate Editor

Scott A. Zeh, Nancy F. Thysell, and Jayne E. Jackson, Publishing Services

W. Stephen Comstock,

Director, Communications and Publications

Publisher

ASHRAE Research: Improving the Quality of Life

The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Condi-

tioning Engineers is the world’s foremost technical society in the

fields of heating, ventilation, air conditioning, and refrigeration. Its

members worldwide ideas, identify needs, support research, and

write the industry’s standards for testing and practice. The result is

that engineers are better able to keep indoor environments safe and

productive while protecting and preserving the outdoors for gener-

ations to come.

One of the ways that ASHRAE supports its members’ and indus-

try’s need for information is through ASHRAE Research. Thou-

sands of individuals and companies support ASHRAE Research

The 2001 ASHRAE Handbook

The Fundamentals volume covers basic principles and provides

data for the practice of HVAC&R technology. Although design data

change little over time, research sponsored by ASHRAE and others

continues to generate new information that meets the evolving

needs of the people and industries that rely on HVAC&R technol-

ogy to improve the quality of life. The ASHRAE technical commit-

tees that prepare chapters strive to provide new information, clarify

existing information, delete obsolete materials and reorganize chap-

ters to make the Handbook more understandable and easier to use.

In this volume, some of the changes and additions are as follows:

• Chapter 1, Thermodynamics and Refrigeration Cycles, includes

new sections on ideal thermal and absorption cycles, multiple

stage cycles, and thermodynamic representation of absorption

cycles. The section on ammonia water cycles has been expanded.

• Chapter 12, Air Contaminants, has undergone major revisions.

Material has been added from the 1999 ASHRAE Handbook ,

Chapter 44, Control of Gaseous Indoor Air Contaminants.

Health-related material with standards and guidelines for expo-

sure has been moved to Chapter 9, Indoor Environmental Health.

• Chapter 15, Fundamentals of Control now includes new or

revised figures on discharge air temperature control, step input

process, and pilot positioners. New are sections on networking

and fuzzy logic, revised descriptions on dampers and modulating

control, and text on chilled mirror humidity sensors and disper-

sive infrared technology.

• Chapter 17, Energy Resources, contains new sections on sustain-

ability and designing for effective energy resource use.

• Chapter 19, Refrigerants, provides information on phaseout of

CFC and HCFC refrigerants and includes new data on R-143a

and R-404A, R-407C, R-410A, R-507, R-508A, and R-508B

blends.

• Chapter 20, Thermophysical Properties of Refrigerants, has new

data on R-143a and R-245fa. Though most CFC Refrigerants

have been removed from the chapter, R-12 has been retained to

assist in making comparisons. Revised formulations have been

used for many of the HFC refrigerants, conforming to interna-

tional standards where applicable.

• Chapter 23, Thermal and Moisture Control in Insulated Assem-

blies—Fundamentals, now has a reorganized section on eco-

nomic insulation thickness, a revised surface condensation

section, and a new section on moisture analysis models.

• Chapter 26, Ventilation and Infiltration, includes rewritten stack

pressure and wind pressure sections. New residential sections dis-

cuss averaging time variant ventilation, superposition methods,

the enhanced (AIM-2) model, air leakage through automatic

doors, and central air handler blowers in ventilation systems. The

nonresidential ventilation section has also been rewritten, and

now includes a commercial building envelope leakage measure-

ments summary.

annually, enabling ASHRAE to report new data about material

properties and building physics and to promote the application of

innovative technologies.

The chapters in ASHRAE Handbooks are updated through the

experience of members of ASHRAE technical committees and

through results of ASHRAE Research reported at ASHRAE meet-

ings and published in ASHRAE special publications and in

ASHRAE Transactions .

For information about ASHRAE Research or to become a mem-

ber contact, ASHRAE, 1791 Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; tele-

phone: 404-636-8400; www.ashrae.org.

• Chapter 27, Climatic Design Information, now contains new

monthly, warm-season design values for some United States loca-

tions. These values aid in consideration of seasonal variations in

solar geometry and intensity, building occupancy, and use patterns.

• Chapter 29, Nonresidential Cooling and Heating Load Calcula-

tions, now contains enhanced data on internal loads, an expanded

description of the heat balance method, and the new, simplified

radiant time series (RTS) method.

• Chapter 30, Fenestration, now has revised solar heat gain and vis-

ible transmittance sections, including information on the solar

heat gain coefficients (SHGC) method. The chapter now also has

a rewritten section on solar-optical properties of glazings, an

expanded daylighting section, and a new section on occupant

comfort and acceptance.

• Chapter 31, Energy Estimating and Modeling Methods, now con-

tains improved model forms for both design and existing building

performance analysis. A new section describes a simplified

method for calculating heat flow through building foundations

and basements. Sections on secondary equipment and bin-energy

method calculations have added information, while the section on

data-driven models has been rewritten and now illustrates the

variable-base degree-day method.

• Chapter 32, Space Air Diffusion, has been reorganized to be more

user-friendly. The section on principles of jet behavior now

includes simpler equations with clearer tables and figures. Tem-

perature profiles now accompany characteristics of different out-

lets, with stagnant regions identified. The section on underfloor

air distribution and task/ambient conditioning includes updates

from recent ASHRAE-sponsored research projects.

• Chapter 33, HVAC Computational Fluid Dynamics, is a new

chapter that provides an introduction to computational methods in

flow modeling, including a description of computational fluid

dynamics (CFD) with discussion of theory and capabilities.

• Chapter 34, Duct Design, includes revisions to duct sealing

requirements from ASHRAE Standard 90.1, and has been

expanded to include additional common fittings, previously

included in electronic form in ASHRAE’s Duct Fitting Database.

This Handbook is published both as a bound print volume and in

electronic format on a CD-ROM. It is available in two editions—

one contains inch-pound (I-P) units of measurement, and the other

contains the International System of Units (SI).

Look for corrections to the 1998, 1999, and 2000 Handbooks on

the Internet at http://www.ashrae.org . Any changes in this volume

will be reported in the 2002 ASHRAE Handbook and on the

ASHRAE web site.

If you have suggestions for improving a chapter or you would

like more information on how you can help revise a chapter, e-mail

ashrae@ashrae.org; write to Handbook Editor, ASHRAE, 1791

Tullie Circle, Atlanta, GA 30329; or fax 404-321-5478.

ASHRAE TECHNICAL COMMITTEES AND TASK GROUPS

SECTION 1.0—FUNDAMENTALS AND GENERAL

1.1 Thermodynamics and Psychrometrics

1.2 Instruments and Measurements

1.3 Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow

1.4 Control Theory and Application

1.5 Computer Applications

1.6 Terminology

1.7 Operation and Maintenance Management

1.8 Owning and Operating Costs

1.9 Electrical Systems

1.10 Energy Resources

SECTION 6.0—HEATING EQUIPMENT, HEATING AND

COOLING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS

6.1 Hydronic and Steam Equipment and Systems

6.2 District Energy

6.3 Central Forced Air Heating and Cooling Systems

6.4 In Space Convection Heating

6.5 Radiant Space Heating and Cooling

6.6 Service Water Heating

6.7 Solar Energy Utilization

6.8 Geothermal Energy Utilization

6.9 Thermal Storage

6.10 Fuels and Combustion

SECTION 2.0—ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY

2.1 Physiology and Human Environment

2.2 Plant and Animal Environment

2.3 Gaseous Air Contaminants and Gas Contaminant

Removal Equipment

2.4 Particulate Air Contaminants and Particulate

Contaminant Removal Equipment

2.6 Sound and Vibration Control

2.7 Seismic and Wind Restraint Design

TG Buildings’ Impacts on the Environment

TG Global Climate Change

SECTION 7.0—PACKAGED AIR-CONDITIONING AND

REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT

7.1 Residential Refrigerators and Food Freezers

7.4 Combustion Engine Driven Heating and Cooling

Equipment

7.5 Mechanical Dehumidification Equipment and Heat Pipes

7.6 Unitary and Room Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

SECTION 8.0—AIR-CONDITIONING AND

REFRIGERATION SYSTEM COMPONENTS

8.1 Positive Displacement Compressors

8.2 Centrifugal Machines

8.3 Absorption and Heat Operated Machines

8.4 Air-to-Refrigerant Heat Transfer Equipment

8.5 Liquid-to-Refrigerant Heat Exchangers

8.6 Cooling Towers and Evaporative Condensers

8.7 Humidifying Equipment

8.8 Refrigerant System Controls and Accessories

8.10 Pumps and Hydronic Piping

8.11 Electric Motors and Motor Control

SECTION 3.0—MATERIALS AND PROCESSES

3.1 Refrigerants and Secondary Coolants

3.2 Refrigerant System Chemistry

3.3 Refrigerant Contaminant Control

3.4 Lubrication

3.5 Desiccant and Sorption Technology

3.6 Water Treatment

3.8 Refrigerant Containment

SECTION 4.0—LOAD CALCULATIONS AND ENERGY

REQUIREMENTS

4.1 Load Calculation Data and Procedures

4.2 Weather Information

4.3 Ventilation Requirements and Infiltration

4.4 Building Materials and Building Envelope Performance

4.5 Fenestration

4.6 Building Operation Dynamics

4.7 Energy Calculations

4.10 Indoor Environmental Modeling

4.11 Smart Building Systems

4.12 Integrated Building Design

TG Mechanical Systems Insulation

SECTION 9.0—AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS AND

APPLICATIONS

9.1 Large Building Air-Conditioning Systems

9.2 Industrial Air Conditioning

9.3 Transportation Air Conditioning

9.4 Applied Heat Pump/Heat Recovery Systems

9.5 Cogeneration Systems

9.6 Systems Energy Utilization

9.7 Testing and Balancing

9.8 Large Building Air-Conditioning Applications

9.9 Building Commissioning

9.10 Laboratory Systems

9.11 Clean Spaces

9.12 Tall Buildings

TG Combustion Gas Turbine Inlet Air Cooling Systems

SECTION 5.0—VENTILATION AND AIR DISTRIBUTION

5.1 Fans

5.2 Duct Design

5.3 Room Air Distribution

5.4 Industrial Process Air Cleaning (Air Pollution Control)

5.5 Air-to-Air Energy Recovery

5.6 Control of Fire and Smoke

5.7 Evaporative Cooling

5.8 Industrial Ventilation

5.9 Enclosed Vehicular Facilities

5.10 Kitchen Ventilation

SECTION 10.0—REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS

10.1 Custom Engineered Refrigeration Systems

10.2 Automatic Icemaking Plants and Skating Rinks

10.3 Refrigerant Piping, Controls, and Accessories

10.4 Ultra-Low Temperature Systems and Cryogenics

10.5 Refrigerated Distribution and Storage Facilities

10.6 Transport Refrigeration

10.7 Commercial Food and Beverage Cooling Display

and Storage

10.8 Refrigeration Load Calculations

10.9 Refrigeration Application for Foods and Beverages

Mineral Oil Circulation

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