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First and Second Declension Adjectives

Adjectives

First and Second Declension Adjectives

The Nominal System (Part 7)

Lesson Twelve Overview

§12.0 Introduction, 381

§12.1 General Introduction to Adjectives, 382

§12.2 Introduction to Greek Adjectives, 387

§12.3 The verb DHLH , 417

§12.4 Adjective Flow Chart, 422

§12.5 Vocabulary Study, 423

Study Guide, 427

§12.0 Introduction

Lessons six through eleven focused on nouns, specifically first and second

declension nouns. Nouns name or designate a person, thing, or quality

and form the nominal nucleus of a language. However, if it was not for

another vital part of speech, the adjective, nouns would lack vividness as

to definiteness, shape, size, quantity, color, and texturewords that

describe nouns that otherwise would be general or bland.

Adjectives stimulate to form indelible mental images about the state of a

noun. They ascribe quality, quantity, and distinction to nouns. Without

them, speech would be boring, reading dull, and the excitement drawn

from the five senses non-descriptive. It would be a dreary and monotonous

world without adjectives. On second thought, just a world, because no

adjectives like dreary and monotonous would exist to describe it.

Adjectives that modify nouns lend distinction to them. They are almost as

important as its governing nounif not as important. Consider the

opening two lines of Edgar Allan Poes poem, The Raven .

Once upon a midnight dreary , while I pondered, weak and weary ,

Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,

If the adjectives, a , dreary , weak , weary , many , quaint , curious , and

forgotten were removed and the stanza revised as Once upon midnight,

while I pondered, over volume of lore, who would read it twice, much less

quote it? Without the adjectives, the intense mood of despair is broken.

' Dr. William D. Ramey ¤ The Nominal System (Part 7) InTheBeginning.org

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Lesson Twelve: Adjectives Page 382

First and Second Declension Adjectives

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The power of the verses are defined by Poes literary genius of word

choice and placement of the adjectivesonly this, and nothing more.

§12.1 General Introduction to Adjectives

Adjectives are an important part of speech in both English and Greek.

Both languages abound with them and share certain traits. An overview

concerning adjectives is first outlined with an emphasis upon how they

function in English before comparing and contrasting their characteristics

with those of Greek adjectives (cf. §12.2).

§12.11 Definition. Both in English and Greek, an adjective modifies by

describing or limiting as to quality, quantity, or definiteness to nouns,

pronouns, or a phrase used as a substantive.

When adjectives are used with substantives, they add detail and specify it

as something significant and distinct from something else. For example,

various adjectives can make the noun dog more specific. A speckled dog

adds a quality. This young small speckled Dalmatian dog adds even more

detail to differentiate it from possible other dogs in a group.

Adjectives can be identified by function or position in a sentence. Most

adjectives can come between an article and a noun, and can stand singly

before or after copulative verbs ( i.e. , is, am, are, etc.). In addition,

adjectives express degrees of comparison by function words (cf. §12.13).

As a part of speech in English, adjectives are usually single and

occasionally hyphenated words ( i.e. , one-eyed, know-it-all, long-term).

However, expressions that roughly perform the same function are

adjectival phrases and adjectival clauses. For example, in the angry man

and the man angered by her cruel behavior , the clause angered by her

cruel behavior modifies the noun man, just as the adjective angry does.

Greek adjectival phrases and clauses will be studied in a later lesson.

Many adjectives were originally nouns placed near other nouns to describe

or otherwise limit their meaning, and gradually grew into a distinct class of

words. This is true in both English and Greek. In fact, the Greek term for

adjective, n1mnl` d0oh/pdsnm , appropriately describes their function as

descriptive words or epithets that are adjunct to nouns.

' Dr. William D. Ramey ¤ The Nominal System (Part 7) InTheBeginning.org

Lesson Twelve: Adjectives Page 383

First and Second Declension Adjectives

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The adjective is not the only method in Greek to describe a

substantive. The same force belongs to a noun in the

genitive case, especially the genitive of description and the

genitive of apposition. These as well as other usages of the

genitive will be explained in a later lesson.

§12.12 Function of adjectives. Adjectives may be identified according to

their function in a sentence. The following three roles of adjectives is the

classic categorization used in most grammars.

§12.121 Attributive. Most English adjectives occur before nouns: large

house, quick lunch, fun time. These adjectives attribute a quality to nouns.

These types of adjectives are attributive . An attributive adjective is

always dependant upon the substantive it modifies. It never occurs by

itself without its substantive. If an article modifies the noun, whether

definite or indefinite, the attributive adjective is sandwiched between the

two: a hard table, the hot poker. When an adjective precedes the noun,

pronoun, or substantive it modifies, it is in the attributive position .

English attributive adjectives occasionally occur immediately after its noun

for dramatic or more emphatic effect, but not technically categorized as in

the attributive position in English ( i.e. , president elect , God Almighty , face

white with fear, joy unspeakable , New York proper ).

§12.122 Predicative. Adjectives can also come before or follow a

copulative verb . Copulative verbs include the verb to be and such verbs

as seem , become , or feel , verbs that never take a direct object. In the

sentence, The bed is hard, the adjective hard follows the copulative verb

is and modifies the noun bed . With these verbs, the adjective supplies the

predication about the noun; hence, predicate adjectives . Not only do

they differ from attributive adjectives by their function in a sentence, but

also in that, no article is employed with them. Adjectives that are coupled

to a noun with copulative verbs are in the predicate position .

Some predicate adjectives may precede a copulative verb, in which case,

the subject then follows: Blessed are the peacemakers. Adjectives that

follow nouns and repeat the meaning of the noun in different words are

adjective appositives : The boring speech, long and dull , lasted forever!

' Dr. William D. Ramey ¤ The Nominal System (Part 7) InTheBeginning.org

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Lesson Twelve: Adjectives Page 384

First and Second Declension Adjectives

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Whatever position an adjective sustains, whether attributive or predicative,

it has the function of modifying by qualifying, limiting, identifying, or

describing the meaning of the substantive with which it is connected.

§12.123 Substantive. Sometimes, adjectives may function as a

substantive. In these instances, the adjective does not modify a noun but

is itself a substantive as in the good die young, or the poor you have

always with you. These adjectives are functioning substantivally .

Substantival adjectives are not ascribed a position as attributive and

predicate adjectives are, and their function in a sentence is

indistinguishable from a substantive. The article normally precedes a

substantival adjective.

§12.13 Degrees of comparison. Adjectives have three degrees of

comparison, called the positive , the comparative , and the superlative .

The positive degree expresses the quality of an object without reference to

another object: the large house. The comparative degree shows that an

object has more or less of a quality than some other object or objects with

which it is compared: the larger house. The superlative degree

expresses the greatest or least amount or intensity of a quality that is

found among all the objects of a group compared: the largest house. The

definite article accompanies the superlative degree of the adjective.

§12.131 Adjectives with one syllable. Most positive adjectives of one

syllable add er to form the comparative and est to form the superlative,

as shown in the following examples.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

cold

colder

coldest

warm

warmer

warmest

wet

wetter

wettest

dry

drier

driest

low

lower

lowest

high

higher

highest

slow

slower

slowest

fast

faster

fastest

' Dr. William D. Ramey ¤ The Nominal System (Part 7) InTheBeginning.org

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Lesson Twelve: Adjectives Page 385

First and Second Declension Adjectives

________________________________________________________________

§12.132 Adjectives of more than one syllable. Adjectives with more

than one syllable usually indicate differences in amount of degree by the

addition of function words or by spelling changes. The function words

less and least indicate decreasing amounts or degrees. The function

words more and most show increasing amounts of degrees. These

function words come before the positive to indicate the comparative and

the superlative, respectively, as in the examples.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

interesting

less interesting

least interesting

more interesting

most interesting

accurate

less accurate

least accurate

more accurate

most accurate

anxious

less anxious

least anxious

more anxious

most anxious

honest

less honest

least honest

more honest

most honest

lovely

less lovelier

least loveliest

more lovelier

most loveliest

Many adjectives, including handsome, happy, lovely, and proud, may be

compared by either method: happy, happier, happiest; or happy, more

happy, most happy.

§12.133 Irregular adjectives. Few English adjectives indicate

comparison by irregular forms. These forms follow no pattern and are a

source of consternation for those learning English as a second language.

Positive

Comparative

Superlative

good

better

best

bad

worse

worst

many

more

most

less

lesser

least

late

later

latest

far

farther, further

farthest, furthest

' Dr. William D. Ramey ¤ The Nominal System (Part 7) InTheBeginning.org

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