Human Anatomy 6th ed - Kent Van De Graaff.pdf - anatomia - fizjotczew

Van De Graaff: Human

Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Front Matter

Preface

Companies, 2001

Preface

resource for students pursuing health-related careers in

fields such as medicine, dentistry, nursing, physician assistant,

podiatry, optometry, chiropractic, medical technology, physical

therapy, athletic training, massage therapy, and other health-

related professions. Created to accompany the one-semester

human anatomy course, this text presents a basic introduction to

human anatomy for students enrolled in medical, allied-health,

and physical education programs, or for those majoring in biolog-

ical science. The focus of Human Anatomy is to provide applica-

ble knowledge of the structure of the human body and

foundation information for understanding physiology, cell biol-

ogy, developmental biology, histology, and genetics. Practical in-

formation is presented in this text that will enable students to

apply pertinent facts to the real-world situations they might en-

counter in their chosen profession.

Many changes have been made in the sixth edition of

Human Anatomy to provide students with a high-quality text for

their course of study. Because human anatomy is such a visual sci-

ence, many refinements and additions have been made in a con-

tinuing effort to provide an effective art program. Many new

illustrations, radiographs, and photographs (including images of

cadaver dissections) make this text even more useful. Strengthen-

ing clinical aspects of the text has been another major focus in the

sixth edition. Additional Clinical Practicums have been added at

the ends of the chapters throughout the text. These case studies

and their accompanying images test student knowledge and

demonstrate the application of anatomical information in a clini-

cal setting. A final task in creating the sixth edition of Human

Anatomy has been to revise the content for currentness and accu-

racy. In keeping with the pace of research, updated information is

presented on the history of current human genome research, the

structure of DNA and RNA, protein synthesis, utilization of stem

cells from red bone marrow and fetal tissue, and the classification

of hair. The comprehensive nature of the sixth edition of this text

and its current clinical information enable it to be used as a valu-

able reference resource regarding the structure, function, develop-

ment, senescence, and possible dysfunctions of the human body.

effective educational package. With this in mind, the following ob-

jectives were formulated for the sixth edition of Human Anatomy:

• To provide a text that is inviting and attractive—a text that

is readable and informative with accurate, up-to-date infor-

mation of practical concern. Human Anatomy aims to entice

readers to study the material and thereby enhance their ap-

preciation of life through a better understanding of the

structure, function, and magnificence of their own bodies.

• To provide a conceptual framework of learning through

the use of concise concept statements, learning objectives,

and chapter review questions.

• To express the beauty of the body through spectacular art

that is anatomically accurate. Anatomy is a visual science

where exactness is essential. The numerous high-quality il-

lustrations prepared expressly for this edition augment the

acclaimed art program of the previous editions.

• To stimulate student interest in anatomy and related sub-

jects through a series of thematic commentaries, high-

lighted by topic icons.

• To provide a systematic, balanced presentation of anatomi-

cal concepts at the developmental, cellular, histological,

clinical, and gross anatomy levels.

• To build students’ technical vocabularies to the point

where they feel comfortable with basic medical terminol-

ogy, enabling them to become conversant with health-care

providers and understand current medical literature.

• To encourage proper care of the body in order to enjoy a

healthier, more productive life, and to provide a founda-

tion of knowledge students can share to help enrich the

lives of others.

• To acquaint students with the history of anatomy, from its

primitive beginnings to recent advances in the field.

Only with the realization of how long it took to build up

knowledge that is now taken for granted—and with what

difficulty—can students appreciate the science of anatomy

in its proper proportion.

OBJECTIVES

In preparing and updating a text and its ancillaries (website, labora-

tory manual, instructor’s manual, test bank, and so forth), it is es-

sential to consider both the needs of the student and the needs of

the instructor. A well-written and inviting text is at the heart of an

TEXT ORGANIZATION

The 22 chapters in this text are grouped into seven units that are

identified by colored tabs on the outside page margins.

Unit 1: Historical Perspective In this unit, the stage is set

for studying human anatomy by providing a historical perspective

H uman Anatomy was written to serve as a foundation and

Van De Graaff: Human

Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Front Matter

Preface

Companies, 2001

on how this science has developed over the centuries. Anatomy is

an exciting and dynamic science that remains vital as it continues

to broaden its scope. It is hoped that this unit will make the

reader feel a part of the heritage of human anatomy.

LEARNING AIDS

Each of the 22 chapters of this text incorporates numerous peda-

gogical devices that organize and underscore the practicality of

the material, clarify important concepts, help assess student

learning, and stimulate students’ natural curiosity about the

human body. In short, these aids make the study of human

anatomy more effective and enjoyable.

Unit 2: Terminology, Organization, and the Human Organ-

ism In this unit, the anatomical characteristics that define hu-

mans as a distinct species are described. The various levels of

organization of the human body are also described, and the basic

terminology necessary for understanding the structure and func-

tioning of the body is introduced.

Chapter Introductions

The beginning page of each chapter contains an outline of the

chapter contents and a Clinical Case Study pertaining to the

subject matter of the chapter. Each case study is elucidated with

a related photograph. These hypothetical situations underscore

the clinical relevance of anatomical knowledge and entice stu-

dents to watch for information contained within the chapter

that may be needed to answer the case study questions. The solu-

tion to the case study is presented at the end of the chapter, fol-

lowing the last major section.

Unit 3: Microscopic Structure of the Body The microscopic

aspect of body organization is considered at the cellular and histo-

logical levels in this unit. Cellular chemistry is emphasized as an

integral aspect of learning about how the body functions.

Unit 4: Support and Movement Support, protection, and

movement of the human body are the themes of this unit. The

integumentary system provides the body with external support

and protection, and the skeletal system provides internal support

and protection for certain organs of the body. Movement is pos-

sible at the joints of the skeleton as the associated skeletal mus-

cles are contracted. Surface anatomy and regional anatomy are

given detailed coverage in chapter 10 of this unit. Atlas-quality

photographs of dissections of human cadavers are included in

this chapter.

Understanding Anatomical Terminology

Each technical term is set off in boldface or italic type, and is

often followed by a phonetic pronunciation in parentheses, at

the point where it first appears and is defined in the narrative.

The roots of each term can be identified by referring to the glos-

sary of prefixes and suffixes found on the inside of the front

cover. In addition, the derivations of many terms are provided in

footnotes at the bottom of the page on which the term is intro-

duced. If students know how a term was derived, and if they can

pronounce the term correctly, the term becomes more meaning-

ful and is easier to remember.

Unit 5: Integration and Coordination This unit includes

chapters on the nervous system, endocrine system, and sensory

organs. The concepts identified and discussed in these chapters

are concerned with the integration and coordination of body

functions and the perception of environmental stimuli.

Unit 6: Maintenance of the Body In this unit, the struc-

ture and function of the circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and

urinary systems are discussed as they contribute in their individ-

ual ways to the overall functioning and general welfare of the or-

ganism. All of these systems work together in maintaining a

stable internal environment in which the cells of the body can

thrive on a day-to-day basis.

Chapter Sections

Each chapter is divided into several major sections, each of

which is prefaced by a concept statement and a list of learning

objectives. A concept statement is a succinct expression of the

main idea, or organizing principle, of the information contained

in a chapter section. The learning objectives indicate the level of

competency needed to understand the concept thoroughly and

be able to apply it in practical situations. The narrative that fol-

lows discusses the concept in detail, with reference to the objec-

tives. Knowledge Check questions at the end of each chapter

section test student understanding of the concept and mastery of

the learning objectives.

Unit 7: Reproduction and Development The male and fe-

male reproductive systems are described in this unit, and the

continuance of the human species through sexual reproduction is

discussed. Unit 7 provides an overview of the entire sequence of

human life, including prenatal development and postnatal

growth, development, and aging. Basic concepts of genetics and

inheritance are also explained.

Van De Graaff: Human

Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Front Matter

Preface

Companies, 2001

Commentaries and Clinical Information

Set off from the text narrative are short paragraphs highlighted

by accompanying topic icons. This interesting information is rel-

evant to the discussion that precedes it, but more important, it

demonstrates how basic scientific knowledge is applied. The five

icons represent the following topic categories:

challenged to evaluate the clinical findings, explain the origin of

symptoms, diagnose the patient, recommend treatment, etc.

Each body system chapter contains one or two Clinical

Practicums, placed before the chapter summary. Detailed answers

to the Clinical Practicum questions are provided in Appendix B.

Chapter Summaries

A summary, in outline form, at the end of each chapter reinforces

the learning experience. These comprehensive summaries serve as

a valuable tool in helping students prepare for examinations.

Clinical information is indicated by a stethoscope. The information

contained in these commentaries provides examples of the applied

medical nature of the information featured in the topic discussion.

Aging information is indicated by an hourglass. The information

contained in these commentaries is relevant to normal aging and

indicates how senescence (aging) of body organs impacts body

function.

Review Activities

Following each chapter summary, sets of objective, essay, and

critical thinking questions give students the opportunity to mea-

sure the depth of their understanding and learning. The critical

thinking questions have been updated and expanded in the sixth

edition to further challenge students to use the chapter informa-

tion in novel ways toward the solution of practical problems.

The correct responses to the objective questions are provided in

Appendix A. Each answer is explained, so students can effec-

tively use the review activities to broaden their understanding of

the subject matter.

Developmental information of practical importance is indicated by a

human embryo. Knowledge of pertinent developmental anatomy

contributes to understanding how congenital problems develop and

impact body structure and function.

Homeostasis information is indicated by a gear mechanism. The

information called out by this icon is relevant to the body processes that

maintain a state of dynamic equilibrium. These commentaries point out

that a disruption of homeostasis frequently accompanies most diseases.

Academic interest commentaries discuss topics that are relevant to

human anatomy that are quite simply of factual interest.

In addition to the in-text commentaries, selected develop-

mental disorders, aging, clinical procedures, and diseases or dys-

functions of specific organ systems are described in Clinical

Considerations sections that appear at the end of most chapters.

Photographs of pathological conditions accompany many of

these discussions.

Illustrations and Tables

Because anatomy is a descriptive science, great care has been

taken to continuously enhance the photographs and illustrations

in Human Anatomy. A hallmark feature of the previous editions

of this text has been the quality art program. In keeping with the

objective of forever improving and refining the art program, over

150 full-color illustrations were substantially revised or rendered

entirely new for the sixth edition. Each illustration has been

checked and rechecked for conceptual clarity and precision of the

artwork, labels, and captions. Color-coding is used in certain art

sequences as a technique to aid learning. For example, the bones

of the skull in chapter 6 are color-coded so that each bone can be

readily identified in the many renderings included in the chapter.

These illustrations represent a collaborative effort between author

and illustrator, often involving dissection of cadavers to ensure

accuracy. Illustrations are combined with photographs whenever

possible to enhance visualization of anatomical structures. Light

and scanning electron micrographs are used throughout the text

to present a true picture of anatomy from the cellular and histo-

logical levels. Surface anatomy and cadaver dissection images

help students understand the juxtaposition of anatomical struc-

tures and help convey the intangible anatomical characteristics

that can be fully appreciated only when seen in a human speci-

Developmental Expositions

In each body system chapter, a discussion of prenatal develop-

ment follows the presentation on gross anatomy. Each of these

discussions includes exhibits and explanations of the mor-

phogenic events involved in the development of a body system.

Placement near the related text discussion ensures that the

anatomical terminology needed to understand the embryonic

structures has been introduced.

Clinical Practicums

These focused clinical scenarios present a patient history and

supporting diagnostic image—such as a radiograph, ultrasound,

or photograph—followed by a series of questions. Students are

xii

Van De Graaff: Human

Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Front Matter

Preface

Companies, 2001

men. Many of the cadaver dissection photographs have been

modified or replaced with new, high-quality images shot expressly

for the sixth edition. All of the figures are integrated with the text

narrative to maximize student learning.

Numerous tables throughout the text summarize information

and clarify complex data. Many tables have been enhanced with

the addition of illustrations to communicate information in the

most effective manner. Like the figures, all of the tables are refer-

enced in the text narrative and placed as close to the reference as

possible to spare students the trouble of flipping through pages.

adam Online Anatomy is a comprehensive database of de-

tailed anatomical images that allows users to point, click, and

identify more than 20,000 anatomical structures within fully

dissectible male and female bodies in anterior, lateral, medial,

and posterior views. Exhaustively reviewed by panels of lead-

ing anatomists, adam Online Anatomy is recognized as the

standard anatomical database in computer-based medical edu-

cation worldwide.

BioCourse.com delivers rich, interactive content to fortify

the learning and teaching experience in the life sciences. In

addition to over 10,000 animations, images, case studies, and

video presentations, discussion boards and laboratory exercises

foster collaboration and infinite learning and teaching oppor-

tunities. Biocourse.com contains these specific areas:

The Faculty Club gives new and experienced instructors ac-

cess to a variety of resources to help increase their effective-

ness in lecture, discover groups of instructors with similar

interests, and find information on teaching techniques and

pedagogy. A comprehensive search feature allows instructors

to search for information using a variety of criteria.

The Student Center allows students the opportunity to

search BioCourse for information specific to the course area

they are studying, or by using specific topics or keywords.

Information is also available for many aspects of student

life, including tips for studying and test taking, surviving

the first year of college, and job and internship searches.

BioLabs helps laboratory instructors, who often face a spe-

cial set of challenges. BioLabs addresses those challenges

by providing laboratory instructors and coordinators with a

source for basic information on suppliers, best practices,

professional organizations, and lab exchanges.

Briefing Room is where to go for current news in the life

sciences. News feeds from The New York Times, links to

prominent journals, commentaries from popular McGraw-

Hill authors, and XanEdu journal search service are just a

few of the resources you will find here.

The Quad utilizes a powerful indexing and searching tool

to provide the user with a guided review of specific course

content. Information is available from a variety of Mc-

Graw-Hill sources, including textbook material, Essential

Study Partner modules, Online Learning Centers, and im-

ages from Visual Resource Libraries.

R&D Center is the opportunity to see what new text-

books, animations, and simulations McGraw-Hill is work-

ing on and to send McGraw-Hill your feedback. You can

also learn about other opportunities to review as well as

submit ideas for new projects.

Appendixes, Glossary, and Index

Appendixes A and B provide answers and explanations for the

objective questions at the end of each chapter and for the ques-

tions that accompany the Clinical Practicum boxes. The glossary

provides definitions for the important technical terms used in

the text. Phonetic pronunciations are included for most of the

terms, and an easy-to-use pronunciation guide appears at the be-

ginning of the glossary. Synonyms, including eponymous terms,

are indicated, and for some terms antonyms are given as well.

TEACHING AND LEARNING

SUPPLEMENTS

There is much more to Human Anatomy than this book. Numer-

ous study and teaching aids round out the complete package.

Students can order supplemental study materials by contacting

the McGraw-Hill Customer Service Department at 800-338-

3987. Instructors can obtain teaching aids by calling the Cus-

tomer Service Department or by contacting your McGraw-Hill

sales representative.

Online Learning Center

The Online Learning Center (OLC) at www.mhhe.com/vdg of-

fers an extensive array of learning and teaching tools. This web-

site includes chapter-specific quizzes and web links, clinical

applications, interactive activities, art labeling exercises, case

studies, and more. Teaching resources at the instructor site in-

clude image and animations libraries, PowerPoint lecture presen-

tations, technology resources, and the online Instructor’s Manual

for Human Anatomy. In addition, the OLC provides online ac-

cess to the following premium interactive products:

Essential Study Partner for Anatomy and Physiology is a

complete, interactive student study tool packed with hun-

dreds of animations and more than 800 learning activities. In-

teractive diagrams and quizzes make learning core concepts

stimulating and fun.

xiii

Van De Graaff: Human

Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Front Matter

Preface

Companies, 2001

Laboratory Manual to accompany

Human Anatomy, Sixth Edition

Kent Van De Graaff has authored a comprehensive laboratory

manual specifically designed to accompany Human Anatomy, sixth

edition. This laboratory manual emphasizes learning anatomical

structures through visual observation, palpation, and knowledge of

the functional relationship of one body system to another. It fo-

cuses primarily on the human organism, but also contains cat dis-

sections and selected organ dissections. Closely integrated with the

Human Anatomy text, the companion lab manual utilizes a well-

rounded pedagogical system that helps students organize the back-

ground information and materials needed to complete each lab

exercise. Coloring and labeling activities placed throughout the

chapters reinforce recognition of anatomical structures, and labo-

ratory reports at the end of each chapter encourage students to

synthesize concepts covered in both lab and lecture.

strategies, discussion and demonstration ideas for lectures, and sug-

gestions for laboratory exercises. This manual also includes a list-

ing of transparencies and multimedia resources that correlate with

each text chapter and provides answers to the Knowledge Check,

Essay, and Critical Thinking questions that appear in the text.

Test Item File

The Test Item File contains fill-in-the-blank, multiple choice,

and true/false questions specifically designed to complement

each chapter of the text. Instructors using WebCT, Blackboard,

or PageOut can access the Test Item File online.

MicroTest

MicroTest is a computerized test generator that is free upon re-

quest to qualified adopters. The test generator contains the com-

plete Test Item File on CD-ROM. MicroTest requires no

programming experience and is designed to work on both Win-

dows and Macintosh platforms.

Instructor’s Manual

for the Laboratory Manual

This online manual is housed within the instructor Online

Learning Center. It provides answers to the lab report questions,

as well as overviews on how to present each laboratory exercise,

materials lists, and additional topics for discussion.

PageOut is McGraw-Hill’s exclusive tool for creating your own

website for your anatomy course. It requires no knowledge of

coding. Simply type your course information into the templates

provided. PageOut is hosted by McGraw-Hill.

Transparencies

This set of transparency acetates includes 200 full-color illustra-

tions from the text that have been chosen for their value in rein-

forcing lecture presentations.

In addition to the materials specifically designed to accom-

pany Human Anatomy, McGraw-Hill offers the following supple-

mental resources to enrich the study and instruction of anatomy

and physiology.

Regional Human Anatomy: A Laboratory Workbook For

Use With Models and Prosections by Frederick E. Grine,

State University of New York—Stony Brook. Organized with a

regional approach to human anatomy, this workbook utilizes

coloring and labeling activities to simplify the learning of

anatomy. Brief text descriptions of key anatomical structures

are grouped with detailed illustrations that can be colored and

labeled to reinforce the material presented. Critical thinking

questions encourage students to think about how anatomical

structures work together, and boxed clinical insights highlight

facts of interest to students pursuing health-related professions.

Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual-Fetal Pig by

Terry R. Martin, Kishwaukee College. Provides excellent full-

color photos of the dissected fetal pig with corresponding labeled

art. It includes World Wide Web activities for many chapters.

Visual Resource Library

Accessed through the instructor site at the Online Learning

Center and also available on CD-ROM, the Visual Resource Li-

brary contains labeled and unlabeled versions of the key illustra-

tions and photos from the book, as well as all tables. You can

quickly preview images and incorporate them into PowerPoint or

other presentation programs to create your own multimedia pre-

sentations. You can also remove and replace labels to suit your

own preferences in terminology or level of detail.

Instructor’s Manual

Accessed via the Online Learning Center, the instructor’s manual

by Jeffrey S. Prince, M.D. and Karianne N. Prince provides in-

structional support in the use of the textbook. It includes teaching

xiv

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