Karczewski Leszek [red] - Etyka gospodarcza Orientu.pdf

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ETYKA GOSPODARCZA ORIENTU
Redakcja naukowa
Leszek Karczewski
2009
Yingnan Sun (Instytut Konfucjusza, Politechnika Opolska)
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Katarzyna Mazur-Kajta (Katedra Rynku Pracy i Kapitału Ludzkiego
Wydział Zarządzania i Inżynierii Produkcji, Politechnika Opolska)
element oprawy rozmów biznesowych ...............................................................
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Leszek Karczewski (Katedra Rynku Pracy i Kapitału Ludzkiego
Wydział Zarządzania i Inżynierii Produkcji, Politechnika Opolska)
Wolność, odpowiedzialność, bogactwo i ubóstwo w perspektywie lozo i
indyjskiej .................................................................................................................
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Radosław Kossakowski (Instytut Socjologii UMK w Toruniu)
Droga do dobrobytu jako ścieżka duchowa – szkic o buddyjskiej
„ekonomii” .............................................................................................................
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Jacek Sieradzan (Uniwersytet w Białymstoku,
Wydział HistorycznoSocjologiczny, Instytut Socjologii)
Ekonomia buddyjska a kapitalizm. Dylematy buddyzmu społecznie
zaangażowanego ....................................................................................................
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Radosław Kossakowski (Instytut Socjologii, UMK w Toruniu)
Karmiczne konsekwencje konsumeryzmu – buddyzm a wyzwania
współczesności .......................................................................................................
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Streszczenia ............................................................................................................
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YINGNAN SUN
SEVERAL TOPICS RELATING TO BUSINESS ETHICS
IN CHINA
1. FACTORS INFLUENCING BUSINESS ETHICS IN CHINA
Confucianism ethics
e Chinese Business Ethics is in uenced by the con uence of three
philosophical traditions in China – Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
Among them Confucianism is the most profound and dynamic thought system
in traditional Chinese culture. Confucianism has for centuries exerted great
in uences on China’s economy, politics and culture. e ve central doctrines of
Confucianism REN, YI, LI, ZHI and Xin insists that merchants’ behaviours be
governed by the ethical principles, which held that righteousness outweighs pro ts
and that collective bene ts and spiritual values outweigh individual bene ts and
material values respectively. Even though critics to the Confucius ethics has never
ceased in China, in essence it is the dominated ethics followed by Chinese people
in business life consciously or unconsciously.
Among the ve, REN , which means goodness, benevolence, humanity and
kindheartedness, occupied a prominent role in balancing ethics with the pursuit
of pro ts. Confucian sought to eliminate excessive pro ts by preventing such
activities as cheating, manipulating supply and demand to bring about higher
prices, and corrupting public o cials. YI means righteousness and justice. It
advises people to strictly stick to the standard virtue and ethics. In business it may
imply to the duty and obligation o en connected with voluntary or charity. LI ,
the earliest meanings was “ceremonies,” in the sense of rituals. From there, the
word developed a more general meaning that could mean a set of ethical principles
guiding interpersonal relationship in a society. It has played an indispensable
role even in modern business activities where quality services and politeness to
customers are priorities. ZHI ˈ which means wisdom, advises people to achieve
goals through intelligence, strategy and tactic rather than strength. XIN , another
virtue literally meaning honesty, creditability and trustworthiness, was also
important in directing business activities.
Today, 30 years a er the reform policy which leads a wild capitalism, Chinese
turn again to ancient ethics which tailors to their own needs as they search for a new
belief system. Confucianism is enjoying a resurgence and regains its dominance as
business ethics.
Yingnan Sun
Communism ethics
One of the in uences of communism in the second half of last century is
that it fostered socialist ethics in China that China lacked in its long history, in
which social responsibilities were limited in a scale of interpersonal obligations.
Chinese enterprises in the planned economy era displayed extremely high levels of
corporate social responsibility. Perhaps beyond the enterprises in socialist Poland,
Chinese state enterprises, besides providing employment opportunities, social
welfare and public services. ey established childcare, schools, hospitals, cinemas
and even crematoriums. Today when such kinds of social welfare has to great
extent been reduced, but it is inherited by many state enterprises and even in big
private enterprises. ose enterprises are very reluctant to recommend layingo
workers on a large scale to increase productivity and pro tability. ey are keenly
aware of the consequences of such actions on the labour force which would cause
unrest to the society.
Another in uence of Marxist philosophy to Chinese society is consciousness
of equity. With the growing of immense social gap brought about by the economic
reform in the last period of time, demand on social equity in Chinese society reaches
an unprecedented high level. e newest Chinese government currently promote
the creation of a wealthy and “harmonious” society which is a combination of
socialist ethics and a scienti c approach to development.
Modern Business Ethics
e application of modern Business Ethics in China is not long. In the
early years of China’s reforms which began in 1978, Chinese enterprises began
to prioritise the pursuit of pro ts. During this transitional time, the laws and
regulations regarding a corporation’s “responsibility” to society were unclear. e
country’s business life is dominated by erce competition and pro tmaximization.
At present there is growing demand in the country that market competition
becomes more ordered and corporate structure more standardised. People give
much more attention to those unethical elements existed in Chinese society like
labour abuse, intellectual property violations, severe environmental disasters and
production accidents.
While China’s government is working aggressively to address business ethics
issues, as is evidenced by the evolving laws on labor and environment protection,
increased enforcement of intellectual property infractions and punishment of
corrupt o cials. Chinese enterprises, especially those successful ones, have
realized the tendency of world market and introduced the modern business ethics
into their management system and more and more middlesized enterprises are
following their footsteps. Chinese export oriented companies have realized that
it becomes a disadvantage for them when they go overseas and try to apply their
business experience to the international system and nd out that their experience
doesn’t jive with the international ethical system and actually prevents Chinese
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