Chapt-04.pdf

CHAPTER 4

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

INTRODUCTION

400. Hardcopy vs. Softcopy Publications

formation, making both distribution and on-board storage

much easier.

The advantages of electronic publications go beyond

their cost savings. They can be updated easier and more of-

ten, making it possible for mariners to have frequent or

even continuous access to a maintained publications data-

base instead of receiving new editions at infrequent

intervals and entering hand corrections periodically. Gener-

ally, digital publications also provide links and search

engines to quickly access related information.

Navigational publications are available from many

sources. Military customers automatically receive or

requisition most publications. The civilian navigator

obtains his publications from a publisher’s agent.

Larger agents representing many publishers can

completely supply a ship’s chart and publication

library. On-line publications produced by the U.S.

government are available on the Web.

This chapter will refer generally to printed

publications. If the navigator has access to this data

electronically, his methods of access and use will differ

somewhat, but the discussion herein applies equally to both

electronic and hard-copy documents.

The navigator uses many textual information sources

when planning and conducting a voyage. These sources

include notices to mariners, summary of corrections, sailing

directions, light lists, tide tables, sight reduction tables, and

almanacs. Historically, this information has been contained

in paper or so-called “hardcopy” publications. But

electronic methods of production and distribution of textual

material are now commonplace, and will soon replace

many of the navigator’s familiar books. This volume’s CD-

ROM version is only one of many. Regardless of how

technologically advanced we become, the printed word will

always be an important method of communication. Only

the means of access will change.

While it is still possible to obtain hard-copy printed

publications, increasingly these texts are found on-line or in

the form of Compact Disc-Read Only Memory (CD-

ROM’s). CD-ROM’s are much less expensive than printed

publications to reproduce and distribute, and on-line publi-

cations have no reproduction costs at all for the producer,

and only minor costs to the user, if he chooses to print them

at all. Also, a few CD-ROM’s can hold entire libraries of in-

NAUTICAL TEXTS

401. Sailing Directions

402. Sailing Directions (Planning Guide)

National Imagery and Mapping Agency Sailing

Directions consist of 37 Enroutes and 5 Planning Guides .

Planning Guides describe general features of ocean basins;

Enroutes describe features of coastlines, ports, and harbors.

Sailing Directions are updated when new data requires

extensive revision of an existing volume. These data are

obtained from several sources, including pilots and foreign

Sailing Directions.

One book comprises the Planning Guide and Enroute

for Antarctica. This consolidation allows for a more

effective presentation of material on this unique area.

The Planning Guides are relatively permanent; by

contrast, Sailing Directions (Enroute) are frequently

updated. Between updates, both are corrected by the Notice

to Mariners .

Planning Guides assist the navigator in planning an ex-

tensive oceanic voyage. Each of the Guides provides useful

information about all the countries adjacent to a particular

ocean basin. The limits of the Sailing Directions in relation

to the major ocean basins are shown in F igure 402.

Planning Guides are structured in the alphabetical or-

der of countries contained within the region. Information

pertaining to each country includes Buoyage Systems, Cur-

rency, Government, Industries, Holidays, Languages,

Regulations, Firing Danger Areas, Mined Areas, Pilotage,

Search and Rescue, Reporting Systems, Submarine Operat-

ing Areas, Time Zone, and the location of the U.S.

Embassy.

403. Sailing Directions (Enroute)

Each volume of the Sailing Directions (Enroute)

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

Figure 402. Sailing Directions limits in relation to the major ocean basins.

contains numbered sections along a coast or through a

strait. Figure 403a illustrates this division. Each sector is

sub-divided into paragraphs and discussed in turn. A

preface with information about authorities, references,

and conventions used in each book precedes the sector

discussions. Each book also provides conversions

between feet, fathoms, and meters, and an Information

and Suggestion Sheet.

The Chart Information Graphic, the first item in each

sector, is a graphic key for charts pertaining to that area. See

Figure 403b. The graduation of the border scale of the

chartlet enables navigators to identify the largest scale chart

for a location and to find a feature listed in the Index-

Gazetteer. These graphics are not maintained by Notice to

Mariners ; one should refer to the chart catalog for updated

chart listings. Other graphics may contain special

information on anchorages, significant coastal features, and

navigation dangers.

A foreign terms glossary and a comprehensive Index-

Gazetteer follow the sector discussions. The Index-Gazet-

teer is an alphabetical listing of described and charted

features. The Index lists each feature by geographic coordi-

nates and sector paragraph number.

U.S. military vessels have access to special files of data

reported via official messages known as Port Visit After

Action Reports. These reports, written in text form accord-

ing to a standardized reporting format, give complete

details of recent visits by U.S. military vessels to all foreign

ports visited. Virtually every detail regarding navigation,

services, supplies, official and unofficial contacts, and oth-

er matters is discussed in detail, making these reports an

extremely useful adjunct to the Sailing Directions . These

files are available to “.mil” users only, and may be accessed

on the Web at: http://cnsl.spear.navy.mil, under the “Force

Navigator” link. They are also available via DoD’s classi-

fied Web.

404. Coast Pilots

The National Ocean Service publishes nine United

States Coast Pilots to supplement nautical charts of U.S.

waters. Information comes from field inspections, survey

vessels, and various harbor authorities. Maritime officials

and pilotage associations provide additional information.

Coast Pilots provide more detailed information than Sailing

Directions because Sailing Directions are intended

exclusively for the oceangoing mariner. The Notice to

Mariners updates Coast Pilots .

Each volume contains comprehensive sections on local

operational considerations and navigation regulations.

Following chapters contain detailed discussions of coastal

navigation. An appendix provides information on obtaining

additional weather information, communications services, and

other data. An index and additional tables complete the

volume.

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

Figure 403a. Sector Limits graphic.

Additional chart coverage may be found in CATP2 Catalog of Nautical Charts.

Figure 403b. Chart Information graphic.

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

405. Other Nautical Texts

weather, and related topics. Additionally, it publishes

provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)

relating to maritime matters. A number of private

publishers also provide maritime publications.

The International Maritime Organization, International

Hydrographic Organization, and other governing interna-

tional organizations provide information on international

navigation regulations. Chapter 1 gives these organiza-

tions’ addresses. Regulations for various Vessel Traffic

Services (VTS), canals, lock systems, and other regulated

waterways are published by the authorities which operate

them. Nautical chart and publication sales agents are a good

source of information about publications required for any

voyage. Increasingly, many regulations, whether instituted

by international or national governments, can be found on-

line. This includes regulations for Vessel Traffic Services,

Traffic Separation Schemes, special regulations for passage

through major canal and lock systems, port and harbor reg-

ulations, and other information. A Web search can often

find the textual information the navigator needs.

The government publishes several other nautical texts.

NIMA, for example, publishes Pub. 1310, Radar

Navigation and Maneuvering Board Manual and Pub. 9,

American Practical Navigator .

The U.S. Coast Guard publishes Navigation Rules for

international and inland waters. This publication, officially

known as Commandant Instruction M16672.2d, contains

the Inland Navigation Rules enacted in December 1980

and effective on all inland waters of the United States in-

cluding the Great Lakes, as well as the International

Regulations for the Prevention of Collisions at Sea , enact-

ed in 1972 (1972 COLREGS). Mariners should ensure

that they have the updated issue. The Coast Guard also

publishes comprehensive user’s manuals for the Loran

and GPS navigation systems; Navigation and Vessel In-

spection Circulars ; and the Chemical Data Guide for Bulk

Shipment by Water .

The Government Printing Office provides several

publications on navigation, safety at sea, communications,

USING THE LIGHT LISTS

406. Light Lists

obscure a light. Additionally, a light can be extinguished.

Always report an extinguished light so maritime authorities

can issue a warning and make repairs.

On a dark, clear night, the visual range is limited by

either: (1) luminous intensity, or (2) curvature of the Earth.

Regardless of the height of eye, one cannot see a weak light

beyond a certain luminous range. Assuming light travels

linearly, an observer located below the light’s visible

horizon cannot see it. The Distance to the Horizon table

gives the distance to the horizon for various heights of eye.

The light lists contain a condensed version of this table.

Abnormal refraction patterns might change this range;

therefore, one cannot exactly predict the range at which a

light will be seen.

The United States publishes two different light lists.

The U.S. Coast Guard publishes the Light List for lights in

U.S. territorial waters; NIMA publishes the List of Lights

for lights in foreign waters.

Light lists furnish detailed information about

navigation lights and other navigation aids, supplementing

the charts, Coast Pilots , and Sailing Directions . Consult the

chart for the location and light characteristics of all

navigation aids; consult the light lists to determine their

detailed description.

The Notice to Mariners corrects both lists. Corrections

which have accumulated since the print date are included in

the Notice to Mariners as a Summary of Corrections . All of

these summary corrections, and any corrections published

subsequently, should be noted in the “Record of Corrections.”

A navigator needs to know both the identity of a light

and when he can expect to see it; he often plans the ship’s

track to pass within a light’s range. If lights are not sighted

when predicted, the vessel may be significantly off course

and standing into danger.

A circle with a radius equal to the visible range of the

light usually defines the area in which a light can be seen.

On some bearings, however, obstructions may reduce the

range. In this case, the obstructed arc might differ with

height of eye and distance. Also, lights of different colors

may be seen at different distances. Consider these facts both

when identifying a light and predicting the range at which

it can be seen.

Atmospheric conditions have a major effect on a

light’s range. Fog, haze, dust, smoke, or precipitation can

407. Finding Range and Bearing of a Light at Sighting

A light’s luminous range is the maximum range at

which an observer can see a light under existing visibility

conditions. This luminous range ignores the elevation of the

light, the observer’s height of eye, the curvature of the

Earth, and interference from background lighting. It is de-

termined from the known nominal range and the existing

visibility conditions. The nominal range is the maximum

distance at which a light can be seen in weather conditions

where visibility is 10 nautical miles.

The U.S. Coast Guard Light List usually lists a light’s

nominal range. Use the Luminous Range Diagram shown in

the Light List and Figure 407a to convert this nominal range

to luminous range. Remember that the luminous ranges ob-

tained are approximate because of atmospheric or

background lighting conditions. To use the Luminous Range

NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

Figure 407a. Luminous Range Diagram.

Diagram,firstestimatethemeteorologicalvisibilitybythe

MeteorologicalOpticalRangeTable, Figure407b .Next,en-

tertheLuminousRangeDiagramwiththenominalrangeon

thehorizontalnominalrangescale.Followaverticallineun-

tilitintersectsthecurveorreachestheregiononthediagram

representingthemeteorologicalvisibility.Finally,followa

horizontallinefromthispointorregionuntilitintersectsthe

vertical luminous range scale.

rologicalvisibilityis11nauticalmiles,enterthe

LuminousRangeDiagramwithnominalrange15

nauticalmilesonthehorizontalnominalrange

scale;followaverticallineupwarduntilitinter-

sectsthecurveonthediagramrepresentinga

meteorologicalvisibilityof11nauticalmiles;

fromthispointfollowahorizontallinetotheright

untilitintersectstheverticalluminousrangescale

at16nauticalmiles.Asimilarprocedureisfol-

lowedtofindtheluminousrangewhenthe

meteorological visibility is 1 nautical mile.

Answers: (1) 16 nautical miles; (2) 3 nautical miles.

Example1: Thenominalrangeofalightasextracted

from the Light List is 15 nautical miles.

Required: Theluminousrangewhenthemeteorologi-

calvisibilityis(1)11nauticalmilesand(2)1

nautical mile.

Solution: Tofindtheluminousrangewhenthemeteo-

Alight’s geographicrange dependsupontheheightof

boththelightandtheobserver.Thesumoftheobserver’sdis-

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