Lesson 01.pdf

1. LEKCJA PIERWSZA

1.Lekcja

NOUNS AND NOUN GENDER.

MODIFIERS OF NOUNS.

INTRODUCING-SENTENCES.

PREDICATE ADJECTIVES.

FUNCTION WORDS.

ADVERBS FROM ADJECTIVE S.

jeden , jedna , jedno one. pierwszy , pierwsza , pierwsze first

hydraulik plumber . Wodnik Aquarius

Znaki Zodiaku signs of the Zodiac. The signs of the Zodiac at the beginning of

each lesson are based on a series of regular-issue Polish postage stamps.

Konwersacje Conversations:

A. Cześć!

Meeting and greeting. Informal style.

B. Dzieƒ dobry!

Meeting and greeting. Formal style.

C. Co to jest?

Asking what something is.

D. Kto to jest?

Asking who someone is.

E. Autobus

Waiting for the bus. Informal introductions.

pierwsza

1.A. Cześć! Agata i Andrzej spotykają się na uniwersytecie.

Informal style. Two class-mates meet somewhere near or on campus.

Agata: Cześć, Andrzej!

Andrzej: Cześć, Agata! Jak się

masz?

Agata: Tak sobie. Co s∏ychać?

Andrzej: Nic nowego. Gdzie

teraz idziesz?

Agata: Idę na zajęcia. Jak

zwykle, jestem spóźniona .

Andrzej: A ja idę do domu, to

na razie.

Hi, Andrzej!

Hi, Agata! How are you?

So-so. What's new?

Nothing new. Where are you going

now?

I'm going to classes. As usual I'm

late.

And I'm going home, so see you.

Agata: Cześć, do zobaczenia!

Hey, see you!

1. LEKCJA PIERWSZA

Streszczenie summary

Andrzej i Agata są na uniwersytecie . Andrzej pyta , jak Agata się ma, i ona mówi ,

że ma się tak sobie. Ona pyta, co s∏ychać, a on odpowiada, że nic nowego. Potem

then Andrzej pyta, gdzie Agata idzie, a ona odpowiada , że idzie na zajęcia, i, jak

zwykle, jest spóźniona. Andrzej mówi, że on idzie do domu, więc mówią do

zobaczenia.

są they are. na uniwersytecie at the university. pyta asks. mówi asks. odpowiada

answers. więc so. mówią they say.

Do zapamiętania for memorizaion

Co s∏ychać?

Jak zwykle, jestem spóźniony

(f. spóźniona ).

Na razie!

Idę do domu

Do zobaczenia!

Gdzie teraz idziesz?

Nic nowego.

Cześć!

Tak sobie.

Idę na zajęcia

Pytania questions (for both written and oral responses)

Questios: co what? czy yes/no? gdzie where? jak how? kiedy when? kto who?

1. Gdzie teraz idzie Agata? Where is Agata going now? Gdzie idzie Andrzej?

Where is Andrzej going?

2. Jak się ma Agata? How is Agata? Co s∏ychać u Andrzeja? What's new with

Andrzej?

3. Kto jest spóźniony? Who is late? Czy Agata jest zwykle spóźniona? Is Agata

usually late?

4. Kto idzie na zajęcia? Who is going to class? Kto idzie do domu? Who is going

home?

Answer tak yes or nie no :

2. Andrzej idzie na zajęcia.

5. Andrzej jest spóźniony.

3. Agata zawsze jest spóźniona

Jak się masz?

1. Agata jest spóźniona.

4. Agata idzie do domu.

1. LEKCJA PIERWSZA

Uwagi notes

co s∏ychać? what's up, literally,

'what's to hear?'

cześć hi, bye. An informal greeting.

do zobaczenia see you, so long

iść to go. idę I go, idziesz you go, idzie

he, she, it goes (on foot)

jak zwykle as usual

jestem I am. jesteś you are, jest he,

she, it is.

na razie so long. Literally, 'for the

moment, for the time being'.

odpowiadać -am -asz answer

on he, ona she

potem av then, afterwards

spotykać się -am –asz meet (one

another)

spóźniony (f. spóźniona ) aj late

to (here): so, then

więc conj so

żegnać się -am -asz say goodby

Gramatyka 1.A.

REVIEW OF POLISH CONSONANT SOUNDS AND LETTERS.

a. Equivalent Polish/English sounds using the same letters: p b f m t d s z

n k g .

b. Equivalent Polish/English sounds using different letters: w "v", ∏ "w", j

"y", ch "h". Polish ch , also sometimes spelled h , is more heavily aspirated than

English "h".

c. More or less equivalent Polish/English sounds, but pronounced noticeably

differently: r (trilled r, rolled on the tip of the tongue); l (soft l , like r ,

pronounced on the tip of the tongue).

d. Sounds which are considered double (two sounds) in English, but single

(one sound) in Polish: c "ts", dz "dz".

e. Special letters and letter-combinations for the hushing sounds and ƒ :

"soft" "hard" closest English sound

ć ( ci- ) cz "ch"

ś ( si- ) sz "sh"

ź ( zi- ) rz or ż "zh"

dź ( dzi- ) dż "j"

ƒ ( ni- ) "ni" in onion

For a more thorough treatment of the consonants, with examples, see the

Introduction.

NOTES ON CERTAIN CONSONANTS

ch The letter-combination ch is similar to English "h", but with slightly

more friction. Do not pronounce ch like English ch in cheese or patch because

this is interpreted as Polish cz . The difficulty with the sound ch is partly visual;

however, it also has to do with the fact that the English "h" sound does not occur

between vowels and at the end of words, as Polish ch does, so English speakers

do not expect it to occur there. Practice: chyba probably, chory sick, cichy quiet,

1. LEKCJA PIERWSZA

ucho ear, dach roof, szachy chess, niech let, śmiech laughter, orzech nut, kuchnia

kitchen, ruch movement, traffic, duch spirit.

c Before the letter i , the letter c (without any mark above it) is pronounced

like ć : , ciasto " ćasto" dough , cicho "ćicho" quiet . Otherwise, c is pronounced like

English ts in cats . Do not pronounce c like "hard English c" in cough , because

this is inerpreted as Polish k . The difficulty with this sound is partly visual, but it

also has to do with the fact that the English "ts" sound does not occur between

vowels and at the beginning of words, as c does in Polish. Practice: co what, ca∏y

"CA-∏y" whole, cena "CE-na" price, cudzy "CU-dzy" foreign, cyrk circus, taca

"TA-ca" tray, dziecko "DèEC-ko" child, koc blanket, noc night, nic nothing.

LETTER-COMBINATIONS WITH z

z Before the letter i , the letter z (without any mark above it) is pronounced

like ź : ziarno "źarno" grain , zima " źima" winter . Otherwise, z is pronounced just

like English z in zoo . While the letter z is not frequent in English, the letter and

sound "z" is common in Polish. Do not slur plain Polish z , for this becomes

confused with the Polish sound ź . Practice: za in exchange for, zebra zebra, zysk

profit, ze mną "ZE-mną" with me, faza phase, beze mnie "be-ZE-mƒe" without

me. In word-final position, z is pronounced "s": bez "bes" without, p∏az "p∏as"

reptile, raz "ras" once, wóz "vus" cart, car.

cz The letter-combination cz represents a sound similar to "tch" in English

watch. Practice: czas time, często often, oczy eyes, uczyć teach, poczta mail, post-

office.

dz Before the letter i , the letter-combination dz is pronounced like dź :

dziób "dźup" beak, dziki "dźiki" wild. Otherwise, the letters dz (without any

mark above the z ) are pronounced like English dz in adze . Practice: chodzę

"CHO-dzę" I walk, widzę "WI-dzę" I see. In word-final position, dz is

pronounced "c": wódz "wuc" leader.

ż / rz The letter-combination rz is an alternate way of spelling the same sound

as ż (similar to s in treasure ). The words morze sea and może maybe are

pronounced exactly the same. Practice: rzeka river, dobrze "DO-bże" fine,

twarze "TFA-że" faces, orze∏ "O-że∏" eagle. In final position, and after t , p , k , the

letter-combination rz is pronounced "sz": trzeba "TSZE-ba" one must,

przepraszam "psze-PRA-szam" excuse me, krzes∏o "KSZE-s∏o" chair , twarz

"tfasz" face. The basis for spelling rz or ż has to do with etymology. The sound

spelled rz is etymologically related to r , which will often be found in related

words; see morze "MO-że" sea , related to morski maritime.

sz The letter-combination sz is pronounced close to English "sh" as in shop .

Practice: kasza " "KA-sza" buckwheat groats, szampan "SZAM-pan" champagne,

szukam "SZU-kam" I am searching, tusz mascara.

NOUNS AND NOUN GENDER. Polish nouns may be of masculine, feminine,

or neuter gender. Gender is a purely grammatical property of nouns, with little

or no meaning. However, from the point of view of grammatical correctness,

gender is of great practical importance, because modifiers and some verb endings

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