Encyclopedia of Archaeology [3 vols] - D. Pearsall (AP, 2008) WW.pdf - archeologia, antropologia - rikiman45

EDITOR-IN-CHIEF

Professor Deborah M Pearsall

The Frederick A Middlebush Chair in Social Sciences

Department of Anthropology

University of Missouri-Columbia

Columbia, MO

USA

Professor Deborah M.Pearsall

Deborah M. Pearsall was born in Detroit, Michigan, USA. She grew up in various places in the upper Midwest and

graduated from high school in Avon Lake, Ohio. She returned to Michigan for college, where she attended the University

of Michigan and majored in Anthropology. It was also at Michigan that she became interested in paleoethnobotany—the

study of plant-people interrelationships through archaeology—and studied with Richard I. Ford.

After graduation from college, she enrolled in graduate school at the University of Illinois in Champaign-Urbana and

began studying with South American archaeologist Donald W. Lathrap. There she became interested in Ecuador, and

participated in Lathrap’s excavations at Real Alto, an ancient agricultural village. The study of macroremains and

phytoliths from Real Alto became her dissertation research, and she received a Ph.D. in Anthropology in 1979.

In addition to continuing to work in Ecuador, Deborah has conducted research in Peru, Guatemala, Mexico, Puerto

Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, the Bahamas, Hawaii, Guam, and the Midwestern U.S., and has supervised students

working in these and other regions. She has taught anthropology and carried out paleoethnobotanical studies at the

University of Missouri in Columbia since 1978. She is the author of Paleoethnobotany, A Handbook of Procedures

(Academic Press, 2000), Plants and People in Ancient Ecuador: The Ethnobotany of the Jama River Valley (Wadsworth,

2004), The Origins of Agriculture in the Neotropics (coauthor with D. R. Piperno, Academic Press, 1998), and editor of

this encyclopedia. She enjoys gardening—especially growing old English roses—and writing, and lives on 80 acres

outside Columbia with her husband Mike DeLoughery.

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD

Takeru Akazawa

Kochi University of Technology

Kochi

Japan

M Rafique Mughal

Department of Archaeology

Boston University

Boston, MA

USA

Pedro Paulo A Funari

Department of History

Universidad Estadual de Campinas

Sao Paulo

Brazil

Daniel T Potts

Department of Archaeology

University of Sydney

Sydney, NSW

Australia

Julian Henderson

Department of Archaeology

University of Nottingham

Nottingham

Patty Jo Watson

Washington University at St. Louis

St. Louis, MO

USA

Augustin F C Holl

Department of Anthropology

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

USA

Steve Weber

Department of Anthropology

Washington State University

Vancouver, WA

USA

Joyce Marcus

Museum of Anthropology

University of Michigan

Ann Arbor, MI

USA

Zhijun Zhao

Institute of Archaeology

Beijing

China

FOREWORD

Archaeology today has become a truly international undertaking, and it has done so by employing what has

become a new and universal language. The record of the human past is a material one, recorded in the earth, in

the buried remains of vanished civilizations and in the material traces which past communities have left behind.

As this book clearly documents, those traces, the carefully excavated settlements and burials of early human

groups and their artifacts, which they made and used, can today be made accessible in what we may call the

language of archaeology.

That language, intelligible in every part of the world, is able to transcend the limitations of written history.

For narrative history, as set down in writing, is inevitably confined to the literate civilizations whose very early

texts come down to us from just a few locations in the Old World. The universal language of archaeology,

however, knows no such bounds. Instead it addresses the human use of material culture wherever human beings

have lived. It draws upon a broad range of techniques – from stratigraphic excavation to radiocarbon dating,

from aerial photography to molecular biology – which now make it possible to speak of a world archaeology, in

which the experiences of every country and people can take their place. This book sets out in a coherent way to

make that language clearly and directly intelligible to the reader, so that the basic techniques of archaeology can

be understood. It goes on to apply those techniques to the entire human story. Its broad sweep takes us from the

emergence of the first humans, initially in Africa, and their early out-of-Africa dispersals, through the whole

gamut of human experience, dealing with the rise of farming communities, the dawn of civilizations, the

formation of the first cities, and so down to the present, and to the postcolonial era in every part of the world.

The good news is that every land, every inhabited area of the earth, does have its archaeology. Each

community has a past, which today can be investigated with the use of the now-universal techniques of

investigation described here. The scope is vast. The story unfolds here on a continent-by-continent basis.

Only in recent decades has it been possible to put together such a survey. For it was radiocarbon dating that

opened the way for early developments in every part of the world to be dated. Suddenly the chronology of early

Australia or of southern Africa became just as secure and just as available as the comparable chronologies for

Europe or for the ancient Near East. The whole scope of human achievement in every part of the world is

becoming known through the practice of archaeology. The authors of this survey have produced an up-to-date

account not only of the methods which constitute the language of archaeology but also of the principal findings

which now allow us to speak of a world archaeology.

The authorship of the Encyclopedia of Archaeology reflects the cosmopolitan status of archaeology today. It

is truly international, with Chinese scholars writing many of the entries for China, African scholars for Africa.

The coverage is, of course, global, covering every continent (including Oceania) and every period. It is also

multifacetted, giving insights into the different schools of archaeological thought, which flourish today. It

recognizes that philosophical themes (Marxist archaeology; Postprocessual archaeology) must rub shoulders

with social topics (Ethnicity, Rise of political complexity), and both of these with issues of contemporary

concern (Who owns the past?, Politics of archaeology). These in turn are found side-by-side with some of the

key scientific subdisciplines (archaeometry, phytolith analysis, taphonomy), which today provide much of

the vocabulary for that universal language of archaeology.

The outcome is that this work will be read with profit in every part of the world. It will be as welcome in South

America (where the Amazon basin for once achieves necessary coverage) as in Europe, as appropriate in Japan as

inMesoamerica. It reflectswell the changing nature of archaeology,with the fast developing range of newresearch

methods and the changing realities of a postcolonial world where the past of every area and region is of interest.

Colin Renfrew

INTRODUCTION

Archaeology is a subject that fascinates us. From

Egyptian tombs to a frozen Alpine wayfarer, from

cities buried under volcanic ash to stone arrowheads

turned up by the plow, archaeology is in the news and

in our backyards. It is paradoxical that a subject that

so easily captures the imagination is so difficult to

access. Superficial media treatments and picture-

book atlases and site guides on the one hand, jargon-

heavy scholarly books and narrowly focused articles

on the other – there are few ways to learn about the

real world of archaeology outside the university

classroom or the dig site. The aim of the Encyclope-

dia of Archaeology is to change this, to make all

aspects of archaeology accessible to a broad audi-

ence, from educated laypersons and university stu-

dents eager to learn about the field, to scholars

intent on broadening and updating their knowledge

of the discipline. No existing work provides the

breadth and depth of coverage achieved here.

It has been my privilege and pleasure to work with

over 260 talented archaeologists fromaround the globe

during this project. In the pages that follow, they will

introduce you to archaeology through contributions

arranged in an easy-to-use, alphabetical format. From

the moment I was invited to undertake this project,

I knew that I wanted the Encyclopedia of Archaeology

not only to showcase archaeological knowledge at the

beginning of the twenty-first century, but to convey

how archaeologists work, and to illustrate the diversity

of issues and theoretical paradigms that drive our re-

search. From this grew an underlying four-part struc-

ture for the Encyclopedia of Archaeology:

Archaeology as a discipline

The practice of archaeology

Archaeology at the beginning of the twenty-first

century: Aworld overview

Geographical overviews

Topics and issues that cross-cut geography

Archaeology in the everyday world

The ‘Contents list by subject’, which follows this Intro-

duction, illustrates how individual contributions are

grouped conceptually within this framework.

Each contribution to ‘Archaeology as a discipline’

places emphasis on the broad approach and subject

matter of part of the field of archaeology, and pro-

vides historical context when appropriate. Here you

will be introduced to schools of thought as distinctive

as cognitive and evolutionary archaeology, learn of

the historic roots and philosophy of the field, and

read overviews of subjects from archaeoastronomy

to forensic archaeology to urban archaeology.

Contributions to ‘The practice of archaeology’ de-

scribe the nuts and bolts of how archaeological re-

search is conducted, and incorporate case studies as

illustrations of modern archaeological practice.

Topics range from fieldwork, through analysis of

artifacts and biological materials, to approaches to

interpreting the archaeological record. Among our

authors you will find experts and innovators in ar-

chaeological methodology.

‘Archaeology at the beginning of the twenty-first

century: A world overview’ is a wide-ranging review

of our knowledge of the past. Archaeological sites

and cultural traditions are placed in regional and

temporal context in contributions in the ‘Geographi-

cal overviews’ section. Each article is written by an

archaeologist with hands-on research experience in

the region, and includes maps and illustrations of

sites and artifacts. Look up an archaeological site in

the index (or use the search function in the online

version) and you will be guided to the regional and

topical articles that discuss it. Or just browse and

learn the latest on the archaeology of East Africa,

Micronesia, or the Lesser Antilles. Regions are or-

dered in the ‘Contents list by subject’ west to east,

and north to south, and within regions contributions

are ordered chronologically or by subregion, as

deemed appropriate.

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