Eurocode 1 Part4 (ENG) - prEN 1991-4 (2003 Mar).pdf
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EUROPEAN STANDARD
CEN/TC250/SC1/
N390
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 1991-4
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
English version
Eurocode 1 - Actions on structures
Part 4 : Silos and tanks
Final PT draft (Stage 34)
5 March 2003
CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comité Européen de Normalisation
Europaisches Komitee für Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
© CEN 2003 Copyright reserved to all CEN members
Ref. No EN 1991-4:2003
Page
2
Draft prEN 1991-4:2003
CONTENTS Page
FOREWORD ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
B
ACKGROUND OF THE
E
UROCODE PROGRAMME
............................................................................................. 6
STATUS AND FIELD OF APPLICATION OF EUROCODES ...................................................................... 7
N
ATIONAL
S
TANDARDS IMPLEMENTING
E
UROCODES
..................................................................................... 7
L
INKS BETWEEN
E
UROCODES AND HARMONISED TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(EN
S AND
ETA
S
)
FOR
PRODUCTS
........................................................................................................................................................... 8
A
DDITIONAL INFORMATION SPECIFIC TO
EN1991-4........................................................................................ 8
N
ATIONAL
A
NNEX FOR
EN1991-4..................................................................................................................... 8
SECTION 1 GENERAL...................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1 S
COPE
..................................................................................................................................................... 9
1.1.1 Scope of EN 1991 - Eurocode 1 ......................................................................................................... 9
1.1.2 Scope of EN 1991-4 Actions on silos and tanks ................................................................................. 9
1.2 N
ORMATIVE REFERENCES
................................................................................................................... 11
1.3 A
SSUMPTIONS
....................................................................................................................................... 12
1.4 D
ISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
......................................................... 12
1.5 D
EFINITIONS
........................................................................................................................................ 13
1.6 S
YMBOLS USED IN
P
ART
4
OF
E
UROCODE
1 ........................................................................................ 17
1.6.1 Roman upper case letters .................................................................................................................. 17
1.6.2 Roman lower case letters .................................................................................................................. 18
1.6.3 Greek upper case letters .................................................................................................................... 21
1.6.4 Greek lower case letters .................................................................................................................... 21
1.6.5 Subscripts.......................................................................................................................................... 22
SECTION 2 REPRESENTATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ........................................... 23
2.1 R
EPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS ON SILOS
............................................................................................ 23
2.2 R
EPRESENTATION OF ACTIONS ON TANKS
.......................................................................................... 23
2.3 C
LASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ON SILOS
.............................................................................................. 24
2.4 C
LASSIFICATION OF ACTIONS ON TANKS
............................................................................................ 24
2.5 R
ELIABILITY MANAGEMENT
................................................................................................................ 24
SECTION 3 DESIGN SITUATIONS ............................................................................................................. 26
3.1
G
ENERAL
.............................................................................................................................................. 26
3.2
D
ESIGN SITUATIONS FOR STORED SOLIDS IN SILOS
............................................................................. 26
3.3
D
ESIGN SITUATIONS FOR DIFFERENT SILO GEOMETRICAL ARRANGEMENTS
.................................... 27
3.4
D
ESIGN SITUATIONS FOR SPECIFIC CONSTRUCTION FORMS
............................................................... 31
3.5
D
ESIGN SITUATIONS FOR STORED LIQUIDS IN TANKS
......................................................................... 32
3.6
D
ESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR EXPLOSIONS
....................................................................................... 32
SECTION 4 PROPERTIES OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS ......................................................................... 33
4.1 G
ENERAL
.............................................................................................................................................. 33
4.2 P
ARTICULATE SOLIDS PROPERTIES
..................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 34
4.2.2 Testing and evaluation of solids properties....................................................................................... 35
4.2.3 Simplified approach.......................................................................................................................... 36
4.3 T
ESTING PARTICULATE SOLIDS
........................................................................................................... 36
4.3.1 Test procedures................................................................................................................................. 36
4.3.2 Bulk unit weight
............................................................................................................................ 37
4.3.3 Coefficient of wall friction
γ
µ
............................................................................................................ 37
φ
I
.............................................................................................................. 37
4.3.5 Lateral pressure ratio
K
..................................................................................................................... 38
4.3.6 Cohesion
c
........................................................................................................................................ 38
4.3.7 Patch load solid reference factor
C
op
............................................................................................... 38
4.3.4 Angle of internal friction
Page
3
Draft prEN 1991-4:2003
SECTION 5 LOADS ON THE VERTICAL WALLS OF SILOS................................................................ 40
5.1 G
ENERAL
.............................................................................................................................................. 40
5.2 S
LENDER SILOS
.................................................................................................................................... 40
5.2.1 Filling loads on vertical walls ........................................................................................................... 40
5.2.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls ..................................................................................................... 45
5.2.3 Substitute uniform pressure increase for filling and discharge patch loads ...................................... 49
5.2.4 Discharge loads for circular silos with large outlet eccentricities..................................................... 50
5.3 S
QUAT AND INTERMEDIATE SLENDERNESS SILOS
............................................................................... 54
5.3.1 Filling loads on vertical walls ........................................................................................................... 54
5.3.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls ..................................................................................................... 57
5.3.3 Large eccentricity filling loads in squat and intermediate circular silos ........................................... 58
5.3.4 Large eccentricity discharge loads in squat and intermediate circular silos ..................................... 60
5.4 R
ETAINING SILOS
................................................................................................................................. 60
5.4.1 Filling loads on vertical walls ........................................................................................................... 60
5.4.2 Discharge loads on vertical walls ..................................................................................................... 61
5.5 S
ILOS CONTAINING SOLIDS WITH ENTRAINED AIR
.............................................................................. 61
5.5.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 61
5.5.2 Loads in silos containing fluidised solids ......................................................................................... 61
5.6 T
HERMAL DIFFERENTIALS BETWEEN STORED SOLIDS AND THE SILO STRUCTURE
........................... 62
5.6.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 62
5.6.2 Pressures due to reduction in ambient atmospheric temperature ...................................................... 62
5.6.3 Pressures due to filling with hot solids ............................................................................................. 63
5.7 L
OADS IN RECTANGULAR SILOS
.......................................................................................................... 63
5.7.1 Rectangular silos............................................................................................................................... 63
5.7.2 Silos with internal ties....................................................................................................................... 63
SECTION 6 LOADS ON SILO HOPPERS AND SILO BOTTOMS .......................................................... 65
6.1 G
ENERAL
.............................................................................................................................................. 65
6.1.1 Physical properties............................................................................................................................ 65
6.1.2 General rules..................................................................................................................................... 66
6.2 F
LAT BOTTOMS
.................................................................................................................................... 68
6.2.1 Vertical pressures on flat bottoms in slender silos............................................................................ 68
6.2.2 Vertical pressures on flat bottoms in squat and intermediate silos ................................................... 68
6.3 S
TEEP HOPPERS
.................................................................................................................................... 69
6.3.1 Mobilised friction ............................................................................................................................. 69
6.3.2 Filling loads ...................................................................................................................................... 70
6.3.3 Discharge loads................................................................................................................................. 70
6.4 S
HALLOW HOPPERS
............................................................................................................................. 71
6.4.1 Mobilised friction ............................................................................................................................. 71
6.4.2 Filling loads ...................................................................................................................................... 71
6.4.3 Discharge loads................................................................................................................................. 72
SECTION 7 LOADS ON TANKS FROM LIQUIDS .................................................................................... 73
7.1
G
ENERAL
.............................................................................................................................................. 73
7.2
L
OADS DUE TO STORED LIQUIDS
.......................................................................................................... 73
7.3
L
IQUID PROPERTIES
............................................................................................................................. 73
7.4
S
UCTION DUE TO INADEQUATE VENTING
............................................................................................ 73
ANNEX A ............................................................................................................................................................ 74
B
ASIS OF DESIGN
-
SUPPLEMENTARY CLAUSES TO
EN 1990
FOR SILOS AND TANKS
..................................... 74
A.1
General.............................................................................................................................................. 74
A.2
Ultimate limit state............................................................................................................................ 74
A.3
Actions for combination ................................................................................................................... 74
A.4
Design situations and action combinations for Reliability Classes 2 and 3 ...................................... 74
A.5
Action combinations for Reliability Class 1 ..................................................................................... 78
ANNEX B ............................................................................................................................................................ 79
A
CTIONS
,
PARTIAL FACTORS AND COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS ON TANKS
................................................... 79
B.1
General.............................................................................................................................................. 79
Page
4
Draft prEN 1991-4:2003
B.2 Actions.............................................................................................................................................. 79
B.3 Partial factors for actions .................................................................................................................. 81
B.4 Combination of actions ..................................................................................................................... 81
ANNEX C ............................................................................................................................................................ 82
M
EASUREMENT OF PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS FOR SILO LOAD EVALUATION
.................................................... 82
C.1
Object ............................................................................................................................................... 82
C.2
Field of application ........................................................................................................................... 82
C.3
Notation ............................................................................................................................................ 82
C.4
Definitions ........................................................................................................................................ 83
C.5
Sampling and preparation of samples ............................................................................................... 83
C.6
Consolidated bulk unit weight
γ
........................................................................................................ 84
C.7
Wall friction...................................................................................................................................... 85
C.8
Lateral pressure ratio
K
..................................................................................................................... 87
φ
i
....................................................... 88
C.10 Effective elastic modulus E
s
............................................................................................................ 92
C.11 Assessment of the upper and lower characteristic values of a property and determination of the
conversion factor a........................................................................................................................................ 94
Strength parameters: cohesion
c
and internal friction angle
ANNEX D ............................................................................................................................................................ 97
E
VALUATION OF PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS FOR SILO LOAD EVALUATION
........................................................ 97
D.1 Object ............................................................................................................................................... 97
D.2 Evaluation of the wall friction coefficient for a corrugated wall ...................................................... 97
D.3 Internal and wall friction for coarse-grained solids without fines..................................................... 98
ANNEX E ............................................................................................................................................................ 99
V
ALUES OF THE PROPERTIES OF PARTICULATE SOLIDS
................................................................................. 99
E.1 General.............................................................................................................................................. 99
E.2 Defined values .................................................................................................................................. 99
ANNEX F .......................................................................................................................................................... 100
F
LOW PATTERN DETERMINATION
................................................................................................................. 100
F.1
Mass and funnel flow...................................................................................................................... 100
ANNEX G.......................................................................................................................................................... 101
S
EISMIC
A
CTIONS
.......................................................................................................................................... 101
G.1
General............................................................................................................................................ 101
G.2
Notation .......................................................................................................................................... 101
G.3
Design situations............................................................................................................................. 101
G.4
Seismic actions ............................................................................................................................... 102
ANNEX H.......................................................................................................................................................... 104
A
LTERNATIVE RULES FOR PRESSURES IN HOPPERS
...................................................................................... 104
H.1 General............................................................................................................................................ 104
H.2 Notation .......................................................................................................................................... 104
H.3 Terminology ................................................................................................................................... 104
H.4 Design situations............................................................................................................................. 104
H.5 Evaluation of the bottom load multiplier C
b
................................................................................. 104
ANNEX I ........................................................................................................................................................... 108
A
CTIONS DUE TO DUST EXPLOSIONS
.............................................................................................................. 108
I.1
General............................................................................................................................................ 108
I.2
Scope .............................................................................................................................................. 108
I.3
Notation .......................................................................................................................................... 108
I.4
Additional regulations and literature .............................................................................................. 108
I.5
Explosive dusts and relevant properties.......................................................................................... 108
I.6
Ignition sources............................................................................................................................... 109
I.7
Protecting precautions..................................................................................................................... 109
I.8
Design of structural elements.......................................................................................................... 109
C.9
Page
5
Draft prEN 1991-4:2003
I.9 Design pressure............................................................................................................................... 109
I.10 Design for underpressure ................................................................................................................ 110
I.11 Design of venting devices............................................................................................................... 110
I.12 Reaction forces by venting ............................................................................................................. 110
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