Load Carriage in military operations.pdf

b o r d e n i n s t i t u t e m o n o g r a p h s e r i e s

Military Operations

A REVIEW OF HISTORICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL,

BIOMECHANICAL, AND MEDICAL ASPECTS

Joseph Knapik, ScD, and Katy Reynolds, MD

e d i t e d b y

William R. Santee, PhD

Karl E. Friedl, PhD, Colonel, US Army

Load Carriage in

b o r d e n i n s t i t u t e m o n o g r a p h s e r i e s

Load Carriage

Operations

A Review OF HiSTORiCAL, PHYSiOLOGiCAL,

BiOMeCHANiCAL, AND MeDiCAL ASPeCTS

Joseph Knapik, S c D, and Katy Reynolds, MD

e d i t e d b y

William R. Santee, PhD

Karl E. Friedl, PhD, Colonel, US Army

bOrden institute

in Military

Making loads lighter, improving load distribution, using appropriate physical training,

selecting proper equipment, and choosing specific techniques directed at injury

prevention will all facilitate load carriage. suitable changes will allow service members

to continue missions at lower energy costs and with fewer injuries, and be better able

to perform other tasks.

this monograph was prepared for military medical educational use. the focus of the informa-

tion is to foster discussion that may form the basis of doctrine and policy. the opinions or as-

sertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as of-

ficial or as reflecting the views of the department of the Army or the department of defense.

dosage selection: the authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure the accuracy of

dosages cited herein. However, it is the responsibility of every practitioner to consult appropri-

ate information sources to ascertain correct dosages for each clinical situation, especially for

new or unfamiliar drugs and procedures. the authors, editors, publisher, and the department

of defense cannot be held responsible for any errors found in this book.

use of trade or brand names: use of trade or brand names in this publication is for illustrative

purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the department of defense.

neutral Language: unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do

not refer exclusively to men.

Certain parts of this publication pertain to copyright restrictions.

no copyrighted parts of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form

or by any means, electronic or mechanical (including photocopy, recording, or any infor-

mation storage and retrieval system), without permission in writing from the publisher or

borden institute

Walter reed Army Medical Center

us Army Medical department Center & school

This monograph was originally submitted to the Borden Institute as a chapter intended for

publication in Military Quantitative Physiology , a book in the textbooks of Military Medicine

series. Because changes may be made before publication, this monograph is made available

with the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the

publisher.

CONTENTS

F o r e w o r d v

a c k n o w l e d g m e n t s v i i

i n t r o d u c t i o n 1

H i s t o r i c a l P e r s P e c t i v e 5

Loads Carried during Various Historical Periods 5

19th- and 20th-Century efforts to study Load Carriage 5

Load Carriage throughout History 12

body stature and body Mass as Factors in Load Carriage 14

P H y s i o l o g i c a l a n d B i o m e c H a n i c a l A s P e c t s o f L o a d C a r r i a g e 15

Load distribution 15

backpacks and double Packs 20

Load Carriage on the Feet, thighs, and in the Hands 24

rifle Carriage 25

body Armor 25

Load Carriage using Carts and Motorized Vehicles 27

Physiological Factors Associated With Load Carriage 28

Physical training and Load Carriage 29

Gender differences 31

Predicting the energy Cost of Carrying Military Loads 31

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