Index, Pages 677-696.pdf

Index

NUMBERS

2.5D sketch stage, 172

2-DG technique, 429

2D memory patterns, 607

2D shape recognition, 274

3D attention, 112

3D model memory layer, 607

3D scenes, 110

3D space and attention allocation, 109–13

depth, 110–12

and aging, 111–12

cues for, 112

objects and surfaces, 111

overview, 109

research on, 109–10

viewer-centered versus object-centered

representations, 112

5CSRT (ﬁve-choice serial reaction time

task), 58, 59, 60

aging, depth and attention control, 111–12

AGM (attention-guidance map), 201

AIT (anterior part of the inferotemporal

cortex), 266

algorithmic circuitry, 607

alternative perceptual groupings, 483

ambiguous motion perceptions, 540

AMI (attentional modulation index), 301

amnesic search, 265

AMPA receptors, 615

amplitude modulations, 511

amygdala, 161, 162–63, 164

analog sensitivity, 654

anaphora and structure of discourse,

325–27

angle detector, 27–28

angular gyrus, 409

annular region, 430

annulus-disk conﬁguration, 377

ANOVA, 373, 408

anterior callosal sections, 365

anterior cingulate, 385, 409

anterior electrodes, 341

anterior part of the inferotemporal cortex

(AIT), 274

anticipatory synchronization, 530

anti-extinction, 270

antisaccade pop-out visual searches, 120

aperiodic synchrony, 535

apical dendrites, 655

apparent contrast, 445

architecture, see also machine vision

architecture; putative functional

architecture

circuit, of dynamic routing, 13–14

constraints on in model of human vision,

implemented, of bottom-up attention

and saliency models, 579–80

triadic, 79

aROIs (algorithmic regions of interest),

299

arousal level and noradrenergic system,

51–54

ART (Adaptive Resonance Theory), 653,

654, 659

artiﬁcial fovea, 625

artiﬁcial vision systems, 633

ART-like neural network, 20

assisted perception displays, 475

associative memory, 539

astronomical numbers, 526

asymmetry

hemispheric, 31–32

temporal, of cross-modal interaction

window, 541–42

asynchronous communication protocol, 633

asynchronous cortical activity, 365

attend-collinear conditions, 482

attend-frequency paradigms, 498

attend-location paradigms, 498, 500

attend-null direction, 302

attend-orthogonal conditions, 482

attend-preferred direction, 302

attentional blink (AB), neural basis of,

383–88

AB bottleneck, 384–85

effects of real and virtual brain lesions,

386–88

neural fate of T2, 385–86

overview, 383

attentional bottleneck, 576

attentional capture, 542

attentional complexes

contents of, 78–79

independence of, 78

attentional components in visual searches,

395–97

attentional control, 38, 39, 67, 343, 358, 362,

372, 396

attentional difference wave, 511

attentional disengagement, 59

attentional ﬁeld map (AFmap), 372, 375

attentional gain control, 439

attentional links, 652–62

to competition, 652–57

divided, object versus spatial, and

hierarchical, 660–62

AB (attentional blink) bottleneck, 384–85

absolute criteria, 153, 155

acallosal patients, 364

access awareness, 172, 173

accurate registration, 628

acetylcholine (ACh), 58–59, 216

active attention, 540

active vision system, two-chip, 635–37

activity interpretation algorithms, 631

acuity and transient attention, 445–47

Adaptive Resonance Theory (ART), 653,

654, 659

addiction, attention, 395

additional singleton paradigm, 418–19

address-event representation, 634

adrenergic drugs, 60

adult visual search and pop-out, 207–8

AER (address event representation) silicon

retina, 635

afferents, 283

AFmaps, 376

Neurobiology of Attention

677

678

INDEX

attentional links ( continued )

laminar organization of bottom-up,

horizontal, and top-down

connections, 654–56

to learning, 652–54, 659

modulation of, 654

object-based, via pre-attentive-attentive

interface, 657–59

overview, 652

attentional load and reﬂexive attentional

effects, 222

attentional manipulation, 461–62

attentional mechanisms, 609

attentional modulation, 302, 375, 405, 425,

433, 435–41, 565; see also effective

connectivity and attentional

modulation; lateral interactions;

motion processing; surround

inhibition; timing of attentional

modulation of visual processing

in lateral geniculate nucleus, 435–39

anatomy of, 435–36

baseline increases in, 438

comparison to visual cortex, 438–39

overview, 435

response enhancement in, 436–37

response suppression in, 437–38

overview, 435

in pulvinar, 439–41

of stimulus contrast, 425–28

common substrate for, 427–28

effects of on neuronal responses,

425

overview, 425

attentional modulation index (AMI), 301

attentional movements, 396

attentional network, 393

attentional probe, 550

attentional response gain, 435

attentional selection, 18, 43, 420–21

attentional shift, 58

attentional suppression, in Macaque visual

system, 429–34

computational modeling, 430–34

overview, 429–30

ring of metabolic suppression, 430

attentional top-down feedback, 161

attentional visual processing, 593

attentional weight, 416–17

attention–awareness model, 18–23

attention-away condition, 430

attention-based acceleration, 651

attention capture, 69–75

automatic cross-modal, 540

cross-modal, and cortical visual

processing, 223–25

explicit, and inattentional blindness,

72–74

by feature singletons, 418–24

attentional selection and inhibition of

return, 420–21

and eye movements, 422–24

overview, 418

spatial attention, 420, 421–22

implicit, 69–72, 74

overview, 69

attention-dependent modulation, 429

attention-dependent suppression, 430

attention-guidance map (AGM), 201

attention-guided visual perception, 663

attention mechanisms, 448

attention modulation, 596

attention-related activation, 371–74

attention-related baseline, 438

attention-related foci, 374

attention-related mechanism, 542

attention-related modulation, 375, 508

attention scan paths, 635

attention shifts, 298

attention switch, 343

attention system, 647

attention-to-the-grating condition, 430

attention vector-sum (AVS) model, 334

attention window (AW), 665

attentive computer vision systems, 642–45

contextual cueing and attention

strategies, 644–45

overview, 644

priming, 644–45

saccadic information integration, 645

object and scene recognition, 643–44

overview, 642

saliency from feature selection, 643

attentive coordinate frames, 628

attentive mechanisms, 211–12

attentive sensors, 625

attentive viewpoint control, 645

attentive vision, 290

attraction, criterion, see criterion attraction

and unique internal representation

attractor network pools, 611

audio-visual spatio-temporal relations, 542

auditory-context dependency of bounce-

inducing effect, 539

auditory cortex, 656, 659

auditory-induced effect, 541

auditory perceptual organization, 317–23

electrophysiological measures, 318–21

manipulation of attention, 318–21

overview, 318

hierarchical decomposition model, 321

neuropsychological approach, 321–23

overview, 317

streaming, 317–21

indirect effects of on competing tasks,

319

outside focus of attention, 318

auditory streaming, 317, 318

auditory transients and bounce-inducing

effect, 539–40

auditory-visual coupling, 539

automatic algorithm, 628

automatic amygdala activation, 162–63

automatic gaze control, 645

automatic image registration, 628

automatic processing, 412

automatic responses, 342

automatic stimulus categorization, 385

automatic surveillance mode, 629

automatic visual tracking, 629

autonomous control of information ﬂow,

14–15

autonomous multisensor robots, 646–47

AVS (attention vector-sum) model, 334, 335

awareness, 19, 22, 165–66, 171

degree to which unexpected objects

intrude on, 73

difference from attention, 167

model of attention, 18–23

and visual attention, 167–74

overview, 167

phenomenal, 172–74

processing and memory, 167–69

recurrent processing, 169–70

selection of conscious experiences, 167

AW (attention window), 665

backward-looking center, 326

backward masking paradigms, 161

backward path, 607

backwards blocking, 216

Balint’s syndrome, 136–38, 269–70, 346

ball saliency, 584

ball tensors, 584

basal ganglia, 386, 391

baseline activity in visual cortex, 308–10

baseline increases in lateral geniculate

nucleus, 438

baseline sensory response, 488

baseline shift, 308, 354

base response, 311, 312

basic visual dimension, 418

Bayesian framework, 24, 589

behavior, system, 674–75

behavioral algorithms, 669

behavioral aspects of visual extinction and

hemispatial neglect, 351–52

behavioral concept, 664

behavioral deﬁnition of visual saliency,

273–74

behavioral evidence for cross-modal spatial

attention, 187–89

behavioral paradigm in visual perception

and visual attention, 663–64

behavioral predictions of selective tuning

model for visual attention, 567–69

behavioral programs, 664, 667

behavioral properties of inhibition of

return, 96–97

behavioral recognition process, 669

behavioral results of fMRI of object-based

attention, 403–5

behavioral studies of temporal orientation,

257–59

behavior-based control, 645

behavior-brain correlations and spatial

attention, 30–31

behavioral context, 477

belief distribution, 674

beta-frequency range, 530

INDEX

679

between-subjects attention paradigm, 516

biased competition model, 137, 161, 303,

380, 410, 593, 594, 604, 621

biasing competition in human visual

cortex, 305–10

limited processing capacity and, 305

neural basis for among multiple stimuli,

305–7

overview, 305

top-down, 307–10

ﬁltration of unwanted information,

307–8

increased baseline activity, 308–10

overview, 307

biasing signals for emotional stimuli,

163–65

bilateral dipolar source, 511

bilateral posterior cortical damage, 346

Bilinear interpolation, 628

binding, 135–39

feature, and oscillation and synchrony,

529–30

implicit and explicit, 137–39

of features and objects, 137–38

of objects to location, 138–39

overview, 135

problems with, 79, 135–36

visual feature, neuropsychology of,

269–71

binocular disparity, 112

biological evidence of memory-driven

visual attention, 607–8

biological implications of selective tuning

model for visual attention, see selective

tuning model for visual attention

biological models, 580

biological vision systems, 625, 654, 671

biophysical mechanisms, 524

bisensory stimuli, 538

bispectra, 231

blackshot, 466, 467–69

black trace, 390–91

blindness, inattentional, 72–74, 161; see also

change blindness

blink, attentional, see attentional blink

blood-ﬂow imaging methods, 507

blood oxygenation level dependent

(BOLD), 36, 366, 454

BOLAR (bank of linear analyzer responses)

vector, 397–99

Boltzmann distribution, 554–56, 560

bottlenecks in visual attention, 77–78

bottom-up attention, 608–9

bottom-up attentional mechanisms, 387,

401, 418, 421, 493, 502, 504, 533, 548,

551, 672

bottom-up automatic activation, 653

bottom-up connections, laminar

organization of, 654–56

bottom-up control in split-brain patients,

361–62

bottom-up-driven attention, 605

bottom-up pathways, 653

bottom-up pre-attentive processing, 656

bottom-up preprocessing, 673

bottom-up processing pyramid, 579

bottom-up saliency maps, 591, 634

bottom-up selection, 240

bounce-inducing effect, 539

auditory-context dependency of, 539

by auditory, tactile, and visual transients,

539–40

enhancement of without sensory

transients, 540–41

bouncing motion display, 538

Boundary Contour System, 583

bounded visual search, 4

brain, see also split-brain patients

brain–behavior correlations and spatial

attention, 30–31

brain-evoked responses, 498

functional and neural locus of

redundancy gain in normal, 365–67

imaging, 185, 364, 365

lesions to, effects of real and virtual,

386–88

regions of, functional differences

between different, 37

bright-side energy, 469

buffer model, 268

B-Y coding, 397

central-task performance levels, 462

central visual area, 618

centroid computation, 397–98

cerebral blood ﬂow, decreased, 353

cerebral hemispheres, 358, 362

CFQ (Cognitive Failures Questionnaire),

337

change blindness, 76–81, 161

nature of visual attention, 77–79

and attentional complexes, 78–79

binding problems, 79

capacity limits and bottlenecks,

77–78

scene perception, 79–81

overview, 76–77

change detection, 77–78, 629

channels, attentional enhancement of

selected, 340–41

checkerboard stimuli, 355, 436

chip, selective attention, 634–35

cholinergic attentional effects, 50

cholinergic modulation of

memory/learning processes, 54

cholinergic system, 54–56, 350

direct effects of, 54–56

modulation of, 58–60

effects of systemic agents, 59–60

lesions of nucleus basalis, 59

memory and learning, 54

overview, 58–59

overview, 54

chromatic motion processing, 491

cingulate sulcus, 409

circuit architecture of dynamic routing,

13–14

classical gamma band, 522

classical receptive ﬁeld (CRF), 481, 570,

577, 579

classic attention models, 671

clonidine, 51

CNV (contingent negative variation), 259

co-activation model, 363

coarse-before-ﬁne sequence, 252

coarse optic ﬂow ﬁeld, 639

codes, rate and temporal, 528

Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ),

337

cognitive neocortex, 652, 654

cognitive neuroscience, 93–95, 346

cognitive processing, 448, 507, 659

cognitive research and temporal

orientation, 261–63

cognitive systems, 352, 442, 507

coherence ﬁeld, 201

coherent motion signal, 492

co-hydroxyolopamine (6-OHDA), 60

collicular afferents, 497

collicular neurons, 365

collinear conﬁgurations, 478, 480, 481

collinear ﬂankers, 478

collinearity, 481

and global feature similarity, 480–81

and local feature similarity, 478–80

collinear targets, 462, 464

calibration and wide-ﬁeld sensing, 628

callosotomies, 359

canonical region, 385

canonical representation, 560

capacity

limits for memory, 268

limits for spatial discrimination, 8–10

feature detection, 9–10

feature integration, 9

feature segregation, 8–9

overview, 8

limits for visual attention, 77–78

selective, of attention, 347–48

capacity-limited attentional processes, 387,

562

capacity-limited attention-demanding

stage, 385–86

capacity-limited processing stages, 383–84

capacity-unlimited processing stages,

383–84

capture, attention, see attention capture

categorical comparisons, 458–59

CDF (cumulative distribution function),

364

cellular response sensitivity, 448

center frequency, 449

centering theory, 326

central ﬁxation bias, 241

central grating, 429

central-neutral cue, 442, 446

central pattern generator (CPG), 640

central sounds, 347

central spatial cueing, 410

central stimulus, 84–85, 431

680

INDEX

color, role of in express recognition of

scene gist, 253

color-nondiagnostic scenes, 254

color-orientation conjunction search, 573

color-tuned cells, 573–74

combinatorial explosion, 606

compatibility, task, 472

competition

biased, 621

links to attention, 652–54

complementary coding strategy, 526

complementary hybrid stimuli, 252

complex context-dependent behavior, 610

complexity theory, 562

complex multiple-location displays, 453

complex nonlinear systems, 456

computational capacity, 576

computational foundations for attentive

processes, 3–7

complexity of vision, 4–7

constraints on models, 6–7

intractable problems, 5

objections to analysis of, 5

overview, 4

overview, 3

theoretical background, 3–4

computational implications of selective

tuning model for visual attention, see

selective tuning model for visual

attention

computational model, 582, 600

computational model of spatial language

apprehension, 331–33

computation of surprise, 25–26

computer graphics rendering of attention,

649–51

computer vision, see attentive computer

vision systems; saliency

conceptual nature of gist of scene, 251–52

conditional object-response, 611

conditioned stimuli (CS), 213

conditioning, 213–18

and learning, 214–16

overview, 213–14

and prediction, 216–17

conjoined-selection paradigm, 500

conjunction searches, 120, 211

conjunction-speciﬁc neurons, 526

conjunction units, 526

conjunction visual search, 121

connected image elements and contour

grouping, 289–90

connection-weighting account, 481–82

conscious experiences, selection of, 167

consciousness, 18, 652–54

conscious processing, 352

conscious scene perception, 385

conscious target report, 386

conspicuous stimuli and visual selection,

118–20

conspicuous stimuli and visual selection,

popout visual search, 118–20

effect of singleton distracter during,

118–20

feature expectancy during, 118

priming during, 118

pro- and antisaccade, 120

context-dependent stimulus-response tasks,

611

context priming, 644–45

context representation, 587

contextual bars, 571

contextual cueing, 246, 247, 579; see also

machine vision architecture

contextual guidance of visual attention,

246–50

cueing task, 246–48

object, 248

overview, 246–47

spatial, 247–48

temporal, 248

overview, 246

statistical learning, 248–49

contextual inﬂuences on saliency, 586–92

overview, 586

scenes, 586–87

priors, model for, and modulation,

589–90

representation of, 587–89

contextual mapping, 645

contextual model, 591

contextual modulation of salience of

feature contrast

in area V1, 235–36

in perception of, 236–39

by distance, 236

orientation contrast versus onset or

offset, 236

overview, 236

contextual receptive ﬁeld, 557

contingent negative variation (CNV), 259

continuous data, 26

continuous performance-type (CPT), 57

contour grouping, 288–95

of connected image elements, 289–90

neurophysiology of, 290–92

overview, 288–89

psychology of, 292–95

contralateral hemiﬁeld, 358, 359–60, 437,

439

contralateral posterior parietal cortex, 509

contralateral target location, 372

contralateral ventral occipital areas, 407

contralesional information, 351

contralesional left/right neglect, 31

contralesional visual stimuli, 352, 355

contrast

apparent, 445

coding, 493

contrast-dependent response

modulation, 45–47

contrast-dependent response

modulations, 46

contrast-detection tasks, 460

contrast-discrimination tasks, 460, 464

contrast gain model, 426, 427, 445, 493,

495

contrast matching procedure, 156

contrast psychometric function, 443–45

contrast sensitivity function, 443

contrast signals, 412, 415

effective, and spatial attention, 47–49

effect of elevating, 47

identifying areas of overlap among

categories of, 66

orientation versus onset or offset, 236

response threshold, 42–43

sensitivity function, 443

contrast response function (CRF), 45, 379,

425–26, 495

control signals, 12

convergence characteristics, 564

convergence properties, 568

convergent zones, 600

convolution model, 456

coordinate frames, 393

coordinate system, 666

corpus callosum, 358–59, 363, 364, 365

correlates, physiological, of lateral

interactions and attentional

modulation, 483

correlation, measure of, 241

correlation analysis, 622

correlograms, 620

cortex, see object recognition in cortex

cortical activation, 372

cortical architecture, 608

cortical areas, 496, 656, 657

cortical bases of spatial attention

development, 85–88

cortical development, 659

cortical enhancement, 375

cortical feedback, 659

cortical hemispheres, 381

cortical layers, 430, 660

cortical learning, 652

cortical levels, 438

cortical localization, 366

cortical mechanisms, 508

cortical neurons, 507, 527

cortical parvocellular system, 365

cortical processing, 366, 439

cortical projection, 665

cortical regions, 458

cortical self-organization, 652

cortical visual areas, 439

cortical visual processing, 223–25

cortical voxel, 372–73

cortico-cortical feedback connections, 533

cortico-subcortical interactions, 363, 365

corticothalamic feedback, 438, 439

corticothalamic transmission, 439

cost-efﬁcient solution, 542

covert attention and saccadic eye

movements, 114–16

and overt attention, 114–15

overview, 114

and use of salience map, 115

covert orienting, 58, 61, 82–88, 553

during central stimulus attention, 84–85

cortical bases of spatial attention

development, 85–88

INDEX

681

overview, 82

to peripheral stimuli, 82–84

CPG (central pattern generator), 640

CPT (continuous performance-type), 57

CRF (classical receptive ﬁeld), 481, 570,

577, 579

CRF (contrast response function), 45, 379,

425–26, 495

CRF-parameters, 426

criterion attraction, 152

criterion attraction and unique internal

representation, 155–57

criterion performance level, 451, 473

critical perceptual task, 474

cross-channel spike density, 527

cross-correlation analysis, 529

cross-dimension search, 413, 414, 416

cross-modal attention, in event perception,

538–43

automatic capture of, 540

bounce-inducing effect, 539–41

developmental assay utilizing display,

542

dynamic attentional allocation, 541–43

overview, 538

spatial, 538

temporal asymmetry of interaction

window, 541–42

cross-modal attentional capture, 223–25

cross-modal cuing, 453

cross-modal interaction, 157, 541

cross-modal spatial attention, 187–96

behavioral evidence for effects, 187–89

ERP evidence for sensory effects of,

189–91

neuroimaging evidence for modulation

of sensory cortex by, 191–96

overview, 187

crowding phenomena, 170

CTOA (cue-target onset asynchrony), 389

“cued” trials, 361

cueing, see also machine vision architecture

contextual, 246–48

object, 248

overview, 246–47

spatial, 247–48

temporal, 248

cues for depth and attention control, 112

cuing studies, 65

nonspatial, 283–87

spatial, 283

cue-response mapping, 613

cue-target onset asynchrony (CTOA), 389

cue validity effect, 131

cue versus active (CvsA) category, 65–66

cue versus baseline (CvsB) category, 65

cue versus passive (CvsP) category, 65

Culhane-Tsotsos feature detector, 643

cumulative distribution function (CDF),

364

cumulative distribution functions, 267

CvsA (cue versus active) category, 65–66

CvsB (cue versus baseline) category, 65

CvsP (cue versus passive) category, 65

data processing techniques, 507

decidability, 4

decision behaviors, 152–59

criterion attraction and unique internal

representation, 155–57

historical background, 152–53

overview, 152

signal detection theory, 153–54

decision level, 491

decision/response criterion, 158

decision statistic G(R), 466

declarative memory, 21

decomposition model, hierarchical, 321

defection, feature, 9–10

delayed spatial response tasks, 611, 613, 616

Dempster-Shafer (D-S) theory, 671, 672, 673

depth and attention control, 110–12

and aging, 111–12

cues for, 112

objects and surfaces, 111

de-synchronization, 524

detection of objects in natural scenes,

600–604

model of, 600–602

overview, 600

deviance detection, 343

dexmedotomidine, 53

diagonal matrix, 558

digital AER (address event representation)

communication infrastructure, 637

dimensional feature contrast signals, 415

dimensionality, intrinsic, 228–30

dimensionally redundant targets, 415

dimensional weighting effects, 414

dimension-based attention, see pop-out

dimension-based coding, 417

dimension-based processing, 413

dimension-speciﬁc costs, 414

dimension weighting account, 414, 416

dipole mapping, 515

dipole modeling, 508

dipole-source analysis, 497

dipole-source modeling, 509

directed attention, 308

directional motor deﬁcit, 346

directional tuning, 426, 493

direction-selective neurons, 300

direction selectivity, 493

Dirichlet model, 26

disambiguation, perceptual, 541

disambiguation process, 539

discourse, see structure of discourse

discourse focus, 326

discrete data, 26

discrimination, 153

disengagement of location targets, 222

dissociation of target selection from

saccade production

in saccade choice, 126–27

in time, 125–26

distance and perception of salient feature

contrast, 236

distractor inhibition in FeatureGate model,

550–52

distractors, 359, 372, 550

distractors, rejected, see visual search

distributed-neutral cue, 442

disynaptic inhibition, 571

divided attention, 363–67, 660–62

overview, 363

redundancy gain, 363–64

functional and neural locus of in

normal brain, 365–67

paradoxical interhemispheric, in split

brain, 364–65

divided spatial attention, 490

DNAB lesions, 60

domain objects, 646

dopamine, 60–61

dopamine D1-receptors, 350

dopamine D2-receptors, 350

dopaminergic system, 51, 350

dorsal and ventral streams, 496–501

ERP studies of, 497–501

overview, 497

visual evoked potentials, 497

overview, 496–97

dorsal network, 30

dorsal noradrenergic bundle, lesions of, 60

dorsal pathways, 393, 428, 438, 498, 535,

560–61

dorsal premotor cortex, 363, 366

dorsal premotor regions, 366

dorsal streams, 44, 351, 497, 501, 558, 596

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, 610

dorso-medial regions, 435

dorsoventral patches, 374

downstream neurons, 520

drugs, adrenergic, 60

dual-axis stimuli, 481

dual-task performance in split-brain

patients, 360–61

dual-task situation, 462

dynamical competition, 596

dynamical system, 595

dynamic attentional allocation, 541, 542–43

dynamic attentional control signals, 37–41

feature-based, 38–39

location-based, 37–38

object-based, 39–41

overview, 37

dynamic attentional process, 541

dynamic fusion and wide-ﬁeld sensing,

628–29

dynamic motion stimulus, 492

dynamic neuronal model, 434

dynamic routing, 12–14

early sensory processing, 222

early vision

stimulus and task-related context effects

in, 477

and surround inhibition, 461

early-vision task, 461

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