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Fundamentals of Fire Phenomena
James G. Quintiere
University of Maryland, USA
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Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN-13 978-0-470-09113-5 (HB)
ISBN-10 0-470-09113-4 (HB)
Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Press (India) Limited, New Delhi
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry
in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.
To those that have brought the logic of science to fire –
I have tried to make them part of this book.
Contents
Preface
xiii
Nomenclature
xvii
1 Introduction to Fire
1
1.1 Fire in History
1
1.2 Fire and Science
2
1.3 Fire Safety and Research in the Twentieth Century
8
1.4 Outlook for the Future
10
1.5 Introduction to This Book
11
1.5.1 Thermodynamics
13
1.5.2 Fluid mechanics
14
1.5.3 Heat and mass transfer
15
1.5.4 Supportive references
16
References
17
Problems
17
2 Thermochemistry
19
2.1 Introduction
19
2.2 Chemical Reactions
20
2.3 Gas Mixture
23
2.4 Conservation Laws for Systems
25
2.4.1 Constant pressure reaction
27
2.4.2 Heat of combustion
28
2.4.3 Adiabatic flame temperature
29
2.5 Heat of Formation
30
2.6 Application of Mass and Energy Conservation in Chemical Reactions
31
2.7 Combustion Products in Fire
35
References
41
Problems
41
3 Conservation Laws for Control Volumes
49
3.1 Introduction
49
3.2 The Reynolds Transport Theorem
50
viii
CONTENTS
3.3 Relationship between a Control Volume and System Volume
53
3.4 Conservation of Mass
54
3.5 Conservation of Mass for a Reacting Species
56
3.6 Conservation of Momentum
59
3.7 Conservation of Energy for a Control Volume
61
Problems
70
4 Premixed Flames
77
4.1 Introduction
77
4.2 Reaction Rate
78
4.3 Autoignition
80
4.4 Piloted Ignition
85
4.5 Flame Speed, S u
88
4.5.1 Measurement techniques
89
4.5.2 Approximate theory
90
4.5.3 Fuel lean results
93
4.5.4 Heat loss effects and extinction
93
4.6 Quenching Diameter
95
4.7 Flammability Limits
98
4.8 Empirical Relationships for the Lower Flammability Limit
102
4.9 A Quantitative Analysis of Ignition, Propagation and Extinction
105
4.9.1 Autoignition calculations
105
4.9.2 Piloted ignition calculations
107
4.9.3 Flame propagation and extinction calculations
107
4.9.4 Quenching diameter calculations
108
References
109
Problems
110
5 Spontaneous Ignition
117
5.1 Introduction
117
5.2 Theory of Spontaneous Ignition
119
5.3 Experimental Methods
124
5.4 Time for Spontaneous Ignition
127
References
130
Problems
131
6 Ignition of Liquids
135
6.1 Introduction
135
6.2 Flashpoint
135
6.3 Dynamics of Evaporation
137
6.4 Clausius–Clapeyron Equation
141
6.5 Evaporation Rates
146
References
154
Problems
154
7 Ignition of Solids
159
7.1 Introduction
159

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