Aids to Survival by O'Meagher-a.pdf

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Aids to Survival
WA POLICE ACADEMY COMMAND & LAND OPERATIONS UNIT
AIDS TO SURVIVAL
Twenty Second Edition [First Issued 1979]
June 2002
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AIDS TO SURVIVAL
Twenty Second Edition [First Issued 1979]
June 2002
This book is a Western Australia Police Academy Publication and is available free of charge
to individuals from their local Police Station. Organisations or groups requiring larger
quantities can access and download this publication from our website
[www.police.wa.gov.au]. The book is offered as an ongoing service in the interest of
community safety. The contents are not subject to copyright and there are no restrictions on
copying in any form by interested individuals and groups.
In keeping with the mission of the Western Australia Police Service to work in partnership
with the community to create a safer and more secure Western Australia by providing quality
police services the Command & Land Operations Unit at the Western Australia Police
Academy invite comments, affirmations and suggestions for possible inclusion in future
editions in an endeavour to improve this publication. Comments may be forwarded to the
Command & Land Operations Unit at the Western Australia Police Academy.
A copy of this publication has been deposited in the Australian National Library.
ISBN: 0-646-36303-4
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AIDS TO SURVIVAL
Introduction
This Western Australia Police Academy publication was initially written and compiled by
Sergeant Bert O’Meagher APM, Officer In Charge, Command & Land Operations Unit at the
Western Australia Police Academy in collaboration with First Class Constable Dennis Reid
and Dr Ross Harvey MBBS Dobst RCOG.
The Command & Land Operations Unit was introduced to provide members of the Western
Australia Police Service with the necessary skills and knowledge to carry out their duties in
outback Western Australia and to enable them to co-ordinate or participate in emergency
operations and advise on outback safety. In keeping with the WA Police Service mission to
provide a safer and more secure Western Australia the unit is concerned with the education of
interested community groups and individuals.
Originally the book was produced to provide members of the Western Australia Police
Service with a locally produced source of reference for use in training and for dissemination
to the public. To this end the book has proved to be extremely successful, this being the 22nd
edition with over 435,000 copies being distributed since its introduction in 1979.
The book is required reading for several community groups, youth organisations, education
institutions and industry trainers throughout Western Australia. It is now available on the
Internet under the WA Police Service website.
A dedicated group of community minded individuals and organisations have contributed
information and items over the years and their efforts and contributions are much appreciated.
Contributors include - Peter Bindon, Vern Delgado, Arthur Connor, Graham Brammer,
Ronele and Eric Gard, Richard Lushey, John Evans [CALM], The Duke of Edinburgh’s
Award [WA], The Royal Lifesaving Society [WA], St John Ambulance [WA], Red Cross
[WA], Bureau Of Meteorology [WA], Australian Communications Authority and Sergeant
Phil Ramsay [WA Police]. Diagrams were originally drawn by Western Australian
Government Print.
Staff at the Western Australia Police Academy Command & Land Operations Unit who have
contributed to the book include Senior Constable Paul McKee, Senior Constable Ian
Thomson, Senior Constable David Stark, Senior Constable Douglas Fleetwood and
Senior Constable Glen Blackwell.
Thanks are also extended to students of classes conducted by the Western Australia Police
Academy Command & Land Operations Unit and members of the community of Western
Australia who have provided valuable comment and feedback.
M.W. SHERVILL.
SUPERINTENDENT
PRINCIPAL
WESTERN AUSTRALIA POLICE ACADEMY.
June-02
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AIDS TO SURVIVAL
Contents
CHAPTER 1 ............................................................................................................... 7
Safe Outback Travel ................................................................................................................ 7
PRIOR PREPARATION & PLANNING .....................................................................7
VEHICLE SELECTION ...............................................................................................9
VEHICLE PREPARATION .........................................................................................9
VEHICLE AWARENESS ..........................................................................................11
VEHICLE CHECK LIST............................................................................................12
VEHICLE TOOL KITS ..............................................................................................13
VEHICLE RECOVERY EQUIPMENT .....................................................................13
OFF-ROAD DRIVING TIPS......................................................................................14
OUTBACK TRAVEL CODE OF ETHICS................................................................15
CHAPTER 2 ............................................................................................................. 16
Outback Survival.................................................................................................................... 16
BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SURVIVAL ...........................................................16
ACTIONS BY SURVIVORS .....................................................................................17
SURVIVAL PLANS ...................................................................................................18
PERSONAL SURVIVAL KIT ...................................................................................20
VEHICLE/AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY PACK .........................................................20
Water .................................................................................................................................... 21
THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER TO SURVIVAL .................................................21
METHODS OF WATER PROCUREMENT .............................................................22
WATER PURIFICATION ..........................................................................................26
Shelter................................................................................................................................... 27
TYPES OF SHELTERS..............................................................................................27
Warmth................................................................................................................................. 30
FIRELIGHTING WITHOUT MATCHES .................................................................30
Food...................................................................................................................................... 32
LIVING OFF THE LAND ..........................................................................................32
THE FOOD PREFERENTIAL ...................................................................................32
SNARING ANIMALS ................................................................................................33
ANIMAL BUTCHERY ..............................................................................................39
PREPARATION & COOKING OF GAME ...............................................................39
PRESERVING MEAT ................................................................................................40
EDIBLE PLANTS.......................................................................................................41
PLANTS TO AVOID..................................................................................................41
THE TASTE TEST FOR PLANT EDIBILITY..........................................................41
SOME COMMON TYPES OF EDIBLE VEGETATION .........................................42
EDIBLE INSECT ACTIVITY ON PLANTS .............................................................43
CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................. 44
Direction Finding.................................................................................................................... 44
WATCH METHOD ....................................................................................................44
BUSHMAN’S METHOD ...........................................................................................44
HAND SPAN METHOD ............................................................................................45
THE SHADOW STICK ..............................................................................................45
THE SOUTHERN CROSS METHOD - AT NIGHT .................................................46
NAVIGATING AT NIGHT WITHOUT A COMPASS.............................................46
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AIDS TO SURVIVAL
CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................. 47
Emergency Procedures .......................................................................................................... 47
PROCEDURE IF LOST..............................................................................................47
ELECTRONIC SAFETY AIDS..................................................................................48
EMERGENCY SIGNALS ..........................................................................................48
BUSHWALKING SAFETY .......................................................................................50
BUSHFIRE SURVIVAL ............................................................................................51
CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................. 52
Radio Communications.......................................................................................................... 52
CITIZEN BAND RADIO ...........................................................................................52
OPERATING PROCEDURES ...................................................................................52
EXAMPLES OF TRANSMISSIONS .........................................................................54
EMERGENCY RADIO PROCEDURES ...................................................................55
CHAPTER 6 ............................................................................................................. 56
Creek & River Crossings ....................................................................................................... 56
APPRECIATIONS......................................................................................................56
METHODS OF CROSSING CREEKS & RIVERS ...................................................57
CHAPTER 7 ............................................................................................................. 58
Bush First Aid......................................................................................................................... 58
CONDITIONS ............................................................................................................58
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT .............................................................................................59
FRACTURES..............................................................................................................60
FRACTURES OF THE SPINE...................................................................................60
SPRAINS ....................................................................................................................60
HEAD INJURY...........................................................................................................61
BURNS AND SCALDS..............................................................................................61
BLEEDING .................................................................................................................62
PAIN............................................................................................................................62
HYSTERIA .................................................................................................................62
ASPHYXIA.................................................................................................................62
INSECT BITES...........................................................................................................63
SNAKE BITE..............................................................................................................63
CUTS AND ABRASIONS .........................................................................................64
BLISTERS ..................................................................................................................64
SPLINTERS ................................................................................................................64
CARE OF FEET..........................................................................................................64
CASUALTY ACTION ...............................................................................................64
HYPOTHERMIA........................................................................................................65
FROST BITE...............................................................................................................65
HYPERTHERMIA......................................................................................................66
SALT DEPLETION ....................................................................................................66
WAPA TEAM FIELD FIRST AID KIT.....................................................................67
WAPA FIELD HEADQUARTERS BASE FIRST AID KIT.....................................67
ST JOHN AMBULANCE HIKERS FIRST AID PACK............................................68
RED CROSS HIKING FIRST AID KIT ....................................................................68
ACTIVITY-SPECIFIC FIRST AID KITS..................................................................68
DEALING WITH DEATH .........................................................................................69
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