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Expert Oracle Database
Architecture
9 i and 10 g Programming
Techniques and Solutions
Thomas Kyte
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Expert Oracle Database Architecture: 9 i and 10 g Programming Techniques and Solutions
Copyright © 2005 by Thomas Kyte
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,
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Contents
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
About the Technical Reviewers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvi
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Setting Up Your Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
CHAPTER 1 Developing Successful Oracle Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
My Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
The Black Box Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
How (and How Not) to Develop Database Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Understanding Oracle Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Understanding Concurrency Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Multi-Versioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Database Independence? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
“How Do I Make It Run Faster?” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
The DBA–Developer Relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CHAPTER 2 Architecture Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Defining Database and Instance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
The SGA and Background Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Connecting to Oracle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Dedicated Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Shared Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Mechanics of Connecting over TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
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■ CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3 Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Parameter Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
What Are Parameters? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Legacy init.ora Parameter Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Server Parameter Files (SPFILEs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Parameter File Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Requested Trace Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Trace Files Generated in Response to Internal Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Trace File Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Alert File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Data Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
A Brief Review of File System Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
The Storage Hierarchy in an Oracle Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Dictionary-Managed and Locally-Managed Tablespaces . . . . . . . . 94
Temp Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Control Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Redo Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Online Redo Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Archived Redo Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Password Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Change Tracking File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Flashback Log Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Flashback Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Flash Recovery Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
DMP Files (EXP/IMP Files) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Data Pump Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Flat Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
CHAPTER 4 Memory Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
The Process Global Area and User Global Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Manual PGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Automatic PGA Memory Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Choosing Between Manual and Auto Memory Management . . . . 133
PGA and UGA Wrap-Up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
The System Global Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Fixed SGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Redo Buffer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
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