md0007 - basic human physiology.pdf - U.S Army Medical Course - BODY_FACTORY

U. S. ARMY MEDICAL DEPARTMENT CENTER AND SCHOOL

FORT SAM HOUSTON, TEXAS 78234

MD0007

BASIC HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY

EDITION 100

DEVELOPMENT

This subcourse reflects the current thought of the Academy of Health Sciences and

conforms to printed Department of the Army doctrine as closely as currently possible.

Development and progress render such doctrine continuously subject to change.

When used in this publication, words such as "he," "him," "his," and "men" are intended

to include both the masculine and feminine genders, unless specifically stated

otherwise or when obvious in context.

ADMINISTRATION

Students who desire credit hours for this correspondence subcourse must meet

eligibility requirements and must enroll through the Nonresident Instruction Branch of

the U.S. Army Medical Department Center and School (AMEDDC&S).

Application for enrollment should be made at the Internet website:

http://www.atrrs.army.mil. You can access the course catalog in the upper right corner.

Enter School Code 555 for medical correspondence courses. Copy down the course

number and title. To apply for enrollment, return to the main ATRRS screen and scroll

down the right side for ATRRS Channels. Click on SELF DEVELOPMENT to open the

application and then follow the on screen instructions.

In general, eligible personnel include enlisted personnel of all components of the U.S.

Army who hold an AMEDD MOS or MOS 18D. Officer personnel, members of other

branches of the Armed Forces, and civilian employees will be considered eligible based

upon their AOC, NEC, AFSC or Job Series which will verify job relevance. Applicants

who wish to be considered for a waiver should submit justification to the Nonresident

Instruction Branch at e-mail address: accp@amedd.army.mil.

For comments or questions regarding enrollment, student records, or shipments,

contact the Nonresident Instruction Branch at DSN 471-5877, commercial (210) 221-

5877, toll-free 1-800-344-2380; fax: 210-221-4012 or DSN 471-4012, e-mail

accp@amedd.army.mil, or write to:

NONRESIDENT INSTRUCTION BRANCH

AMEDDC&S

ATTN: MCCS-HSN

2105 11TH STREET SUITE 4191

FORT SAM HOUSTON TX 78234-5064

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Lesson

Paragraphs

Page

INTRODUCTION ......................................................... vii

1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY ....... 1-1--1-10

1-2

Exercises

.........................................................

1-7

2 PHYSIOLOGY OF CELLS AND MISCELLANEOUS TISSUES

Section I. Cells ......................................................... 2-1--2-3

2-2

Section II. Body Fluids............................................... 2-4--2-9

2-4

Section III. Homeostasis............................................. 2-10--2-14

2-8

Section IV. Cell Growth and Multiplication................. 2-15--2-16

2-11

Section VI. Fibrous Connective Tissue (FCT) ........... 2-23--2-27

2-13

Section VII. Fatty Tissues........................................... 2-28--2-35

2-15

Exercises

.........................................................

2-17

3 ENVELOPES OF THE BODY

Section I. Introduction............................................... 3-1--3-3

3-2

Section III. Integumentary Derivatives........................ 3-11--3-14

3-3

Section IV. Functions of the Integumentary System.. 3-13--3-19

3-6

Section V. Subcutaneous Layer ............................... 3-20--3-22

3-7

Section VI. Investing Deep Fascia............................. 3-23--3-25

3-8

Section VII. Body Temperature Control...................... 3-26--3-31

3-9

Section VIII. Vitamin D Production .............................. 3-32--3-34

3-11

Section IX. Superficial Wound Healing...................... 3-35--3-38

3-12

Section X. General Adaptations of Grasping/

Holding.................................................... 3-39--3-40

3-12

Section XI. Variations in Penetration ......................... 3-41--3-42

3-13

Exercises

.........................................................

3-14

4 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

Section I. General..................................................... 4-1--4-2

4-2

Section II. Tissues and Tissue Processes

of Skeletal Elements ................................ 4-3--4-5

4-2

Section III. Definition and Types of Bones ................. 4-6--4-7

4-3

Section IV. A "Typical" Long Bone ............................. 4-8--4-9

4-4

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Section V. Epithelial Cells and Tissues .................... 2-17--2-22

2-11

Section II. Integument Proper.................................... 3-4--3-10

3-5

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Lesson

Paragraphs

Page

Section V. A "Typical" Flat Bone ............................... 4-10--4-12

4-7

Section VI. Sesamoid Bones..................................... 4-13--4-14

4-9

Section VIII. A "Typical Synovial Joint ......................... 4-19--4-26

4-10

Section IX. The Axial Skeleton .................................. 4-27--4-35

4-12

Section X. The Appendicular Skeleton..................... 4-36--4-40

4-17

Exercises

.........................................................

4-19

5 PHYSIOLOGY AND ACTIONS OF MUSCLES

Section II. Skeletal Muscles ...................................... 5-6--5-14

5-2

Section III. Some Skeletomuscular Mechanics .......... 5-15--5-20

5-9

Section IV. Nervous Control of Skeletal Muscles ...... 5-21--5-24

5-13

Exercises

.........................................................

5-16

6 THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Section I. Introduction............................................... 6-1--6-3

6-2

Section III. Swallowing (Deglutition) ........................... 6-8--6-11

6-5

Section IV. Temporary Storage ................................. 6-12--6-14

6-7

Section V. Digestion and Absorption ........................ 6-15--6-22

6-8

Section VI. Some Protective Mechanisms Associated

with the Human Digestive System .......... 6-23--6-30

Section VII. Vitamins .................................................. 6-31--6-33

6-11

Section VIII. Elimination of Unused Materials ............. 6-34--6-37

6-14

Exercises

.........................................................

6-16

7 THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AND BREATHING

Section I. Introduction............................................... 7-1--7-4

7-2

Section II. Introduction to Human Breathing ............. 7-5--7-9

7-4

Section III. Costal ("Thoracic") Breathing ................... 7-10--7-13

7-6

Section V. Introduction to the Human Respiratory

System .................................................... 7-18--7-19

7-10

Section VI. The Supralaryngeal Structures ............... 7-20--7-24

7-10

Section VII. Larynx ..................................................... 7-25--7-29

7-13

MD0007 ii

Section VII. Definition and Types of Joints................. 4-15--4-18

4-9

Section I. Muscle Tissues......................................... 5-1--5-5

5-5

Section II. Ingestion and Initial Processing of Foods. 6-4--6-7

6-6

6-13

Section IV. Diaphragmatic ("Abdominal") Breathing . 7-14--7-17

7-9

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

Lesson

Paragraphs

Page

Section VIII. The "Respiratory Tree" and Pulmonary

Alveoli .................................................... 7-30--7-34

7-14

Section IX. Lungs and Pleural Cavities ..................... 7-35--7-37

7-16

Section X. The Pulmonary NAVL ............................. 7-38--7-39

7-18

Section XI. Exchange and Transportation of Gases:

Artificial Breathing/Resuscitation............. 7-40--7-41

7-19

Exercises

.........................................................

7-22

8 THE HUMAN URINARY SYSTEM

Section I. The Kidney ............................................... 8-1--8-4

8-2

Section II. Other Parts of the Human Urinary

System .................................................... 8-5--8-7

8-5

Exercises

.........................................................

8-7

9 THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE (GENITAL) SYSTEM

Section I. Introduction............................................... 9-1--9-7

9-2

Section III. The Male Reproductive System ............... 9-11--9-13

9-3

Section IV. The Female Reproductive System.......... 9-14--9-18

9-7

Section V. Intrauterine Development........................ 9-19--9-20

9-11

Section VI. Parturition................................................ 9-21--9-23

9-11

Exercises

.........................................................

9-13

10 CARDIOVASCULAR AND OTHER CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

OF THE HUMAN BODY

Section I. Introduction............................................... 10-1--10-8

10-2

Section II. The Blood--The Vehicle of the

Cardiovascular System ............................ 10-9--10-17

10-5

Section III. The Blood Vessels--The Conduits of the

Cardiovascular System ............................ 10-18--10-22

10-9

Section IV. The Heart--The Primary Motive Force

of the Cardiovascular System ................. 10-23--10-31

10-12

Section V. Motive Forces Involved in Driving the

Blood Through the System ..................... 10-32--10-34

10-18

Section VI. Capillaries ............................................... 10-35--10-37

10-19

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Section II. Gametes (Sex Cells) ................................ 9-8--9-10

9-4

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