The Science And Applications Of Acoustics - Second Edition (Daniel R. Raichel).pdf

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THE SCIENCE AND
APPLICATIONS OF
ACOUSTICS
THE SCIENCE AND
APPLICATIONS OF
ACOUSTICS
SECOND EDITION
Daniel R. Raichel
CUNY Graduate Center
and
School of Architecture, Urban Design and Landscape Design
The City College of the City University of New York
With 253 Illustrations
687058960.001.png
Daniel R. Raichel
2727 Moore Lane
Fort Collins, CO 80526
USA
draichel@comcast.net
Library of Congress Control Number: 2005928848
ISBN-10: 0-387-26062-5
eISBN: 0-387-30089-9
Printed on acid-free paper.
ISBN-13: 978-0387-26062-4
2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.
All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written
permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York,
NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use
in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer
software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they
are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are
subject to proprietary rights.
Printed in the United States of America.
(TB/MVY)
987654321
springeronline.com
C
To Geri, Adam, Dina, and Madison Rose
Preface
The science of acoustics deals with the creation of sound, sound transmission
through solids, and the effects of sound on both inert and living materials. As a
mechanical effect, sound is essentially the passage of pressure fluctuations through
matter as the result of vibrational forces acting on that medium. Sound possesses
the attributes of wave phenomena, as do light and radio signals. But unlike its
electromagnetic counterparts, sound cannot travel through a vacuum. In Sylva
Sylvarum written in the early seventeenth century, Sir Francis Bacon deemed sound
to be “one of the subtlest pieces of nature,” but he complained, “the nature of sound
in general hath been superficially observed.” His accusation of superficiality from
the perspective of the modern viewpoint was justified for his time, not only for
acoustics, but also for nearly all branches of physical science. Frederick V. Hunt
(1905–1967), one of America’s greatest acoustical pioneers, pointed out that “the
seeds of analytical self-consciousness were already there, however, and Bacon’s
libel against acoustics was eventually discharged through the flowering of a clearer
comprehension of the physical nature of sound.”
Modern acoustics is vastly different from the field that existed in Bacon’s time
and even 20 years ago. It has grown to encompass the realm of ultrasonics and
infrasonics in addition to the audio range, as the result of applications in materi-
als science, medicine, dentistry, oceanology, marine navigation, communications,
petroleum and mineral prospecting, industrial processes, music and voice synthe-
sis, animal bioacoustics, and noise cancellation. Improvements are still being made
in the older domains of music and voice reproduction, audiometry, psychoacous-
tics, speech analysis, and environmental noise control.
This text—aimed at science and engineering majors in colleges and universities,
principally undergraduates in the last year or two of their programs and graduation
students, as well as practitioners in the field—was written with the assumption that
the users of this text are sufficiently versed in mathematics up to and including the
level of differential and partial differential equations, and that they have taken the
sequence of undergraduate physics courses that satisfy engineering accreditation
criteria. It is my hope that a degree of mathematical elegance has been sustained
here, even with the emphasis on engineering and scientific applications. While
the use of SI units is stressed, very occasional references are made to physical
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