Słownik języków wsch. europ.pdf

contents

Alb Bul Cro Cze Hun Mac Pol Rom Rus Slk Sln

meeting people

greetings, goodbyes

& introductions

introduction

11 51 91 131 171 211 251 291 331 371 411

pronunciation

vowel sounds

33 73 113 153 192 233 273 313 353 393 432

12 52 92 132 172 212 252 292 332 372 412

occupations

34 74 114 154 193 234 274 314 354 394 433

word stress

12 52 92 132 172 212 252 292 332 372 412

background

34 74 114 154 194 234 274 314 354 394 433

consonant sounds

12 52 93 133 173 212 253 293 333 372 413

age

35 74 114 154 194 234 275 314 354 395 434

tools

language difficulties

feelings

35 75 115 155 194 235 275 315 355 395 434

14 54 94 134 174 214 254 294 334 374 414

entertainment

going out

numbers

15 55 95 135 175 215 255 295 335 375 415

35 75 115 155 195 235 275 315 355 395 435

time & dates

15 55 95 135 175 215 255 295 335 375 415

interests

36 76 116 155 195 236 276 316 355 396 435

weather

17 57 97 137 177 217 257 297 337 377 417

border crossing

17 57 97 137 177 217 257 297 337 377 417

food & drink

finding a place to eat

transport

tickets & luggage 18 58 98 138 178 218 258 298 338 378 418

getting around 19 59 99 139 179 219 259 299 339 379 419

car, motorbike & bicycle hire 20 60 100 140 180 220 260 300 341 380 420

directions

36 76 116 156 196 236 276 316 356 396 436

ordering food

36 76 116 156 196 236 276 316 356 397 436

drinks

37 77 117 157 197 237 277 317 357 397 436

in the bar

37 77 117 157 197 237 277 317 357 397 437

self-catering

38 78 118 158 198 238 278 318 358 398 438

21 61 101 141 181 221 261 301 341 381 421

special diets & allergies

38 78 118 158 198 238 278 318 358 398 438

menu reader

39 79 119 159 199 239 279 319 359 399 439

accommodation

finding accommodation 23 63 103 143 183 223 263 303 343 383 423

requests & queries 24 64 104 144 184 224 264 304 344 384 424

checking out 25 65 105 145 185 225 265 305 345 385 425

communications & banking

the internet

emergencies

basics

41 81 121 161 201 241 281 321 361 401 441

police

41 81 121 161 201 241 281 321 361 401 441

26 65 105 145 185 226 265 306 346 385 425

health

medical needs

42 82 122 162 202 242 282 322 362 402 442

mobile/cell phone

26 66 106 146 186 226 266 306 346 386 426

symptoms, conditions

& allergies

43 83 123 163 203 243 283 323 363 403 443

telephone

26 66 106 146 186 226 266 306 346 386 426

post office

27 67 107 147 187 227 267 307 347 387 427

bank

28 67 107 147 187 227 267 307 348 387 427

dictionary

44 84 124 164 204 244 284 324 364 404 444

sightseeing

getting in

index

449

29 68 108 148 188 228 268 308 349 388 428

455

tours

29 69 109 149 188 229 269 309 349 389 428

festivals

shopping

enquiries

30 70 110 150 189 230 270 310 350 390 429

paying

31 71 111 151 190 231 271 311 351 391 430

clothes & shoes

32 71 111 151 191 231 272 311 352 391 431

books & music

32 72 112 152 191 232 272 312 352 392 431

photography

32 72 112 152 192 232 272 312 352 392 431

language map

Eastern Europe

Ilmen

Lake

Albanian

Norway

Latvia

Moscow

Bulgarian

BALTIC SEA

Lithuania

RUSSIA

Denmark

Kaliningrad

(RUSSIA)

Croatian

Gulf of

Gdansk

Pomeranian

Bay

Czech

Belarus

Hungarian

Warsaw

POLAND

Macedonian

Germany

Polish

Ukraine

Prague

CZECH

REPUBLIC

Romanian

SLOVAKIA

Russian

Bratislava

MOLDOVA

Austria

Chişinău

Slovak

Budapest

HUNGARY

T R A N S Y L V A N I A

SLOVENIA

Slovene

Ljubljana

CROATIA

ROMANIA

Zagreb

200 km

100 mi

Istria

Krk

BOSNIA &

HERCEGOVINA

Cres

Belgrade

Bucharest

Note: Language areas are

approximate only.

For more details see the

relevant introduction.

San

Marino

BLACK

SEA

Sarajevo

SERBIA

MONTENEGRO

Danube

Braø

BULGARIA

Hvar

Korøula

Prishtina

Sofia

Kosovo

Podgorica

Ma ritsa

Skopje

MACEDONIA

Italy

Tirana

Sea of

Marmara

EUROPE

ALBANIA

Golfo di

Taranto

Greece

AEGEAN

SEA

Turkey

TYRRHENIAN

SEA

Lake

IIl

Ilmen

eastern europe – at a glance

One of the most rewarding things about travelling through Eastern Europe is the

rich variety of cuisine, customs, architecture and history. The flipside of course is

that you’ll encounter a number of very different languages. Most languages spoken

in Eastern Europe belong to what’s known as the Indo-European language family,

believed to have originally developed from one language spoken thousands of years

ago. Luckily for English speakers, most of these languages also use Roman script.

The Slavic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family and

share a large amount of basic vocabulary. They originated north of the Carpathi-

ans and are now divided into Eastern (Russian), Western (Czech, Slovak and Polish)

and Southern (Bulgarian, Croatian, Macedonian and Slovene) subgroups. The lan-

guages traditionally associated with the Orthodox Church (Russian, Bulgarian and

Macedonian) use Cyrillic alphabet, while those influenced by the Catholic Church

(Czech, Slovak, Polish, Croatian and Slovene) use Roman alphabet. Romanian, the

only representative of the Romance languages in Eastern Europe, is more closely

related to French, Italian or Spanish. The freedom with which English has borrowed

Latin-based vocabulary means you’ll quickly recognise many words from Romanian.

Albanian forms a single branch of the Indo-European language family. Finally, Hun-

garian is part of the Ural-Altaic language family, which includes languages spoken

from Europe to northeast Asia. Its closest European relative is Finnish.

did you know?

• The European Union (EU) was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. It

developed from the European Economic Community, founded by the Treaty of

Rome in 1957. Since the 2004 enlargement, it has 25 member states and 20

official languages.

• The EU flag is a circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background – the number 12

representing wholeness.

• The EU anthem is the ‘Ode to Joy ’ from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.

• Europe Day, 9 May, commemorates the 1950 declaration by French Foreign

Minister Robert Schuman which marked the creation of the European Union.

• The euro has been in circulation since E-Day, 1 January 2002. The euro’s symbol

(€) was inspired by the Greek letter epsilon (ε) – Greece being the cradle of Euro-

pean civilisation and ε being the first letter of the word ‘Europe’.

• The Eurovision Song Contest, held each May, has been running since 1956. For

the larger part of the competition’s history, the performers were only allowed

to sing in their country’s national language, but that’s no longer the case.

chapter is not digitally restricted. In return, we think it’s fair to ask you to

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Albanian

ALBANIAN

gjuha shqipe

albanian alphabet

A a

B b

C c

Ç ç

D d

Dh dh

E e

Ë ë

F f

G g

Gj gj

H h

introduction

I i

J j

K k

L l

Ll ll

M m

N n

Nj nj

O o

P p

Q q

R r

Albanian ( gjuha shqipe dyoo ·ha shtyee ·pe ) is one of the oldest Indo-European

languages, generally considered the only descendant of Illyrian, the language of the

ancient inhabitants of the Balkans. With no close relatives and constituting a branch

of its own, it’s a proud survivor of the Roman, Slavic and Ottoman influxes and a

European linguistic oddity on a par with Basque.

Albanian’s position on the edge of the turbulent and multilingual Balkans means

that it’s been influenced by many languages. Some similarities with Romanian, for

example, suggest that the two languages were closely related and that their speakers

interacted even in pre-Roman times. The Romans, who established control over the

present-day Albania by 167 BC and ruled for the next five centuries, left their mark on

the vocabulary and structure of the language. After the division of the Roman Empire

in AD 395, Albanians fell within the realm of Byzantium and Greek Orthodox culture.

The interaction with Bulgarian and Serbian began after the arrival of the Slavs to the

Balkans in the 6th century. With the Ottoman conquest in 1479 Turkish and Arabic

influences were added to the mix.

There are two main dialects of Albanian – Tosk (with about 3 million speakers in

southern Albania, Greece, Italy and Turkey) and Gheg (spoken by about 2.8 million

people in northern Albania, Kosovo and the surrounding areas of Serbia, Montenegro

and Macedonia). Tosk is the official language of Albania and is also the variety used

in this phrasebook.

Not surprisingly, Albanian has been written in various alphabets since the earliest

written records from the 15th century. A single-sentence baptismal formula dating

from 1462 and a Catholic prayer book from 1555 were both written in the Roman

alphabet, which was mainly used for the Gheg dialect during the 17th and 18th

centuries. The Tosk dialect, on the other hand, was originally written in the Greek

alphabet. However, during the Ottoman rule, texts in both varieties were often in

Arabic script (also used for Turkish). Even Cyrillic script was occasionally in use. This

orthographic confusion was finally settled by the Manastir Congress in 1908, which

adopted a modified Roman alphabet as the standard written form of Albanian.

Even though many Albanians speak English, you’ll find attempts to communicate

in Albanian are welcomed. Discovering some of the mysteries of this intriguing

language will be rewarding – try learning a few of the 27 words Albanian has for

‘moustache’ or the other 27 used for ‘eyebrows’!

Rr rr

S s

Sh sh

T t

Th th

U u

V v

X x

Xh xh

Y y

Z z

Zh zh

albanian

Romania

Bosnia &

Hercegovina

Danube

Serbia

Croatia

Montenegro

Kosovo

(SERBIA)

Bulgaria

Prishtina

Uroševac

Shkodër

Prizren

Macedonia

ALBANIA

Tirana

Durrës

Elbasan

Italy

Vlorë

Golfo di

Ta ra n t o

AEGEAN

SEA

Greece

IONIAN

SEA

150 km

100 mi

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