Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation.pdf

Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation

Modern Inorganic Chemistry

Series Editor: John P. Fackler, Jr., Texas A&M University

Current volumes in this series:

Extraction of Metals from Soils and Waters

D.M. Roundhill

Metal Dihydrogen and Sigma-Bond Complexes

G.J. Kubas

Carbon-Functional Organosilicon Compounds

Edited by V aclav Chvalovsky and Jon M. Bellama

Computational Methods for the Determination of Formation Constants

Edited by D.J. Leggett

Cooperative Phenomena in Jahn–Teller Crystals

M.D. Kaplan and B.G. Vekhter

Gas Phase Inorganic Chemistry

Edited by D.H. Russell

Homogeneous Catalysis With Metal Phosphine Complexes

Edited by Louis H. Pignolet

Inorganometallic Chemistry

Edited by T.P. Fehlner

The Jahn-Teller Effect and Vibronic Interactions in Modern Chemistry

I.B. Bersuker

Metal Complexes in Aqueous Solutions

Arthur E. Martell and Robert D. Hancock

Mossbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Inorganic Chemistry

Volumes 1 and 2

Edited by Gary J. Long and Fernande Grandjean

Volume 3

Mossbauer Spectroscopy Applied to Magnetism and Materials Science

Volumes 1 and 2

Edited by G.J. Long and F. Grandjean

Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation

Sung Hee Joo and I. Francis Cheng

Optoelectronic Properties of Inorganic Compounds

Edited by D.M. Roundhill and John P. Fackler, Jr.

Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Elements

F.P. Pruchnik

Translated from Polish by Stan A. Duraj

Photochemistry and Photophysics of Metal Complexes

D.M. Roundhill

Edited by Gary J. Long

Sung Hee Joo

I. Francis Cheng

Nanotechnology for

Environmental Remediation

With 79 Illustrations

Sung Hee Joo

Environmental Engineering Program

Civil Engineering Department

Auburn University

Auburn, AL 36849

USA

joosung@auburn.edu

I. Francis Cheng

Department of Chemistry

University of Idaho

Moscow, ID 83844

USA

ifcheng@uidaho.edu

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005932036

ISBN-10: 0-387-28825-2

e-ISBN: 0-387-28826-0

ISBN-13: 978-0387-28825-3

Printed on acid-free paper.

2006 Springer Science+Business Media, Inc.

permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, Inc., 233 Spring Street, New York,

NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use

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subject to proprietary rights.

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to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for

any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with

respect to the material contained herein.

Printed in the United States of America.

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987654321

springer.com

Preface

The book covers the recently discovered oxidative process driven by zero-valent

iron (ZVI) in the presence of oxygen and a further developed system which is

named ZEA (Zero-valent iron, EDTA, Air). Future potential applications for envi-

ronmental remediation using this process are also discussed. The oxidative process

was discovered during the course of molinate (a thiocarbamate herbicide) degrada-

tion experiments. Both ferrous iron and superoxide (or, at pH < 4.8, hydroperoxy)

radicals appear to be generated on corrosion of the ZVI with resultant production

of strongly oxidizing entities capable of degrading the trace contaminant. Fenton

oxidation and oxidative by-products were observed during nanosized ZVI (nZVI)-

mediated degradation of molinate under aerobic conditions. To assess the potential

application of nZVI for oxidative transformation of organic contaminants, the con-

version of benzoic acid (BA) to p-hydroxybenzoic acid (p-HBA) was used as a

probe reaction. When nZVI was added to BA-containing water, an initial pulse of

p-HBA was detected during the ﬁrst 30 minutes, followed by the slow generation

of additional p-HBA over periods of at least 24 hours. The ZEA system showed

that chlorinated phenols, organophosphorus and EDTA have been degraded. The

mechanism by which the ZEA reaction proceeds is hypothesized to be through

reactive oxygen intermediates. The ZVI-mediated oxidation and ZEA system may

be useful for in situ applications of nZVI particles and may also provide a means

of oxidizing organic contaminants in granular ZVI-containing permeable reactive

barriers.

The purpose of this book is to provide information on the recently discovered

chemical process, which could revolutionize the treatment of pesticides and con-

taminated water. It also aims to offer signiﬁcant insights to the knowledge for

potential applications of ZVI-based technology.

Oxidative degradation of herbicides (e.g., molinate) with its pathway, mecha-

nistic interpretation of the data, modelling/simulation, implication for remediation

applications, experimental methodology suitable for pesticides analysis, and ZEA

(Zero-valent iron, EDTA, and Air) system with its degradation mechanism are

included.

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