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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
DESERT
I.
Read the text and do the exercises below. Przeczytaj tekst i wykonaj ęwiczenia
Deserts have less than 60cm of rain a year. In some it hasn't rained for years. You might think
a desert is just sand, but plants and animals have evolved to withstand the harsh conditions.
Deserts far from the sea are the hottest places on the planet, but some are relatively cool.
People often think they see lakes in the desert, but they're really looking at light reflecting on
hot air that floats over the ground. This illusion is called a mirage
There are around 2,000 different species of cactus, most found in the Americas. Cacti rely on
downpours that occur about once every year. They take up as much of the water as possible
and store it.
The saguaro cactus grows in the deserts of North America. One plant can take in a tone of
water in a day. The water is gradually used to build new tissue, but to make the water last
until the next downpour, saguaros grow very slowly. It can take 30 years for a plant to reach a
height of a metre. They can live for over 200 years and grow to be more than 15.2 metres tall.
The cactus is made up of a tall stem with several arm-like branches that curve upwards.
Saguaros are covered in tiny spines that break up air currents around the plant and stop it
drying out. The spines and poisonous sap also keep animals from eating the plant. On the
other hand, animals do feed on the fruit, which ripen just before the rainy season.
Woodpeckers live in cacti by boring holes in the thick stem.
The flowers are creamy-white and up to 12.5cm across. Their strong perfume attracts various
insects as well as the white-winged dove and longnose bat, who collect and transfer pollen on
their wings and bodies as they search for nectar.
1. Look at the words in bold and match them with their definitions below. Spjrz na
wytþuszczone sþowa w tekĻcie i poþĢcz je z ich definicjami
1. a part of a tree that grows out from the main stem and that has leaves, fruit, or smaller
branches growing from it
2. a lot of rain that falls in a short time
3. to stay or move on the surface of a liquid without sinking
4. difficult to live in and very uncomfortable
5. containing a substance that can cause death or serious illness if you eat it, drink it
6. a fine powder produced by flowers, which is carried by the wind or by insects to other
flowers of the same type, making them produce seeds
7. you can see an image of the thing on the surface of the mirror, glass, or water
8. to trust or depend on someone or something to do what you need or expect them to do
9. fruit or crops that are fully grown and ready to eat
10. the watery substance that carries food through a plant
11. a stiff sharp point on an animal or plant
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12. the long thin part of a plant, from which leaves, flowers, or fruit grow
13. to put things away and keep them until you need them
14. the material forming animal or plant cells
15. to be strong enough to remain unharmed by something such as great heat, cold,
pressure
16. a bird with a long beak that it uses to make holes in trees
2. Complete the following sentences with some of the words from the previous exercise
in correct forms. Uzupeþnij poniŇsze zdania niektrymi wyrazami z poprzedniego
ęwiczenia w odpowiedniej formie
1. This fabric can ÈÈÈÈÈÈ high temperatures
2. The animals are being held in ÈÈÈÈÈÈconditions
3. The apples were ÈÈÈÈÈÈ on the trees.
4. Squirrels are ÈÈÈÈÈnuts for the winter.
5. She was bitten on the ankle by a ÈÈÈÈÈÈsnake
6. She could see her face ÈÈÈÈÈÈ in the car's windshield
7. I wasn't sure if the boat would ÈÈÈÈÈ
8. I knew I could ÈÈÈÈon David.
9. After the storm, the ground was full of leaves andÈÈÈÈÈÈ.
II.
Adjectives and adverbs review
The order of adjectives:
Opinion size age shape colour origin material use noun
Nice small old round black German wooden coffee table
Hint : it is useful to learn the first letters of the categories ( OSASCOMUN )
Ordinal numbers ( first, second , etc .) go before cardinal numbers ( one, two, etc .)
The first three customers will receive a prize
The adjectives: afraid, alike, alone, ashamed, asleep, awake, glad, ill are not followed
by nouns
She is afraid. The child was asleep when she came
The adjectives chief, elder, eldest, former, indoor, inner, main, only, outdoor, upper,
principal are always followed by nouns
This is my elder brother. I talked to my former boss
Some adjectives can be preceded by the to mean a group:
The sick and the homeless have no place to go. (=sick and homeless people)
Adverbs
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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
Adverbs are usually formed from adjectives by adding Îly with minor changes
Serious Î seriously, happy Î happily, dramatic Î dramatically
When adjectives end with Îly like: elderly, cowardly, friendly, likely, deadly, lively,
lonely, silly, ugly, lovely the adverbs are formed descriptively by adding a phrase in a È way.
The dog greeted us in a friendly way
In everyday English the adverbs: loudly, cheaply, quickly, tightly, fairly and slowly
are used without Îly
Come here quick/quickly
The following adverbs have the same form as adjectives: hard, fast, free, high, low,
deep, early, late, long, near, straight, right, wrong, hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, yearly
The water was deep (adj) ã They looked deep into the hole (adv)
Some adverbs have two forms with different meanings:
Deep = a long way down (she went deep under water)
Deeply = very (I am deeply sorry)
Free = without paying (we can use the facilities free)
Freely = without limits (dogs can run freely in the garden)
High = to a high level (the bird flew high into the sky)
Highly = very much (he is a highly respected citizen)
Late = not early (itÓs getting late)
Lately = recently (I have came to town lately)
Most = more than anything else (I like swimming most)
Mostly = mainly (She is mainly interested in passing the exam)
Near = close (donÓt come near)
Nearly = almost (IÓve nearly believed you)
Pretty = rather (It is pretty unlikely to happen)
Prettily = nicely (She was prettily dressed)
Hard = with effort (She works hard)
Hardly = almost no (She does hardly any work at all)
Fairly ã quite ã rather/pretty ã very
a + fairly ã This is a fairly expensive ring (= slightly )
quite + a/an ã Your essay is quite good (= enough )
quite + horrible, true, certain, exhausted, amazing, brilliant, etc. (= totally )
rather + a/an ã She is rather a nice girl (= more than expected )
a/an + rather ã She is a rather nice girl
a/an + pretty ã she had a pretty bad accident (= everyday English )
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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
1.
Put the adjectives in the right order. UþŇ przymiotniki we wþaĻciwej kolejnoĻci
1. beautiful / pastel / doll / tiny / baroque / china / Italian
2. monster / huge / plastic / awful / dark / shapeless
3. antique / table / beige / triangular / nice / cloth / linen
4. American / black / gigantic / office / terrible / concrete / building
5. long / frightening / movie / French / horror
6. colourful / Russian / modern / comedy / amusing
7. round / mask / yellow / funny / paper
8. interesting / gray / clay / sculpture / big
9. English / short / grammar / easy / exercise
10. 16 th century / thick / Japanese / exciting / novel
2.
Underline the correct word. PodkreĻl wþaĻciwy wyraz
1. They found themselves in a pretty / prettily difficult situation
2. He had hard / hardly left the hospital when he broke his leg again
3. Students of our language school are most / mostly adults
4. If you have any suggestions you may speak free / freely
5. Her remarks were high / highly regarded by her colleagues
6. We have late / lately introduced a new form of cooperation
7. The room was pretty / prettily decorated
8. We have near / nearly finished
9. He was deep / deeply involved in this relationship
10. Which of his books do you like most / mostly ?
ramki
Complete the text with the words from the box. Uzupeþnij tekst wyrazami z
deep deeply economic economical golden hard hardly helpful historic historical
lately most mostly nearly
The ÈÈÈÈÈnovel I was reading ÈÈÈÈ..features a man ÈÈÈÈ..involved in a
conflict between politics and money. It is set in the ÈÈÈÈÈ.age of history when the
ÈÈÈÈÈ situation was at its best and people were ÈÈÈÈÈinterested in doing
business. ÈÈÈÈÈall cars were ÈÈÈÈÈÈ.and ÈÈÈÈÈÈ..any needed serious
repairs. The governments worked ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈto provide everything the citizens needed
ÈÈÈÈÈ.and restoring all ÈÈÈÈÈÈÈbuildings whose ÈÈÈÈÈ..owners showed
ÈÈÈÈÈ. concern for their heritage.
4.
Underline the correct word. PodkreĻl wþaĻciwy wyraz
1. Being a doctor is a quite / pretty well paid job
2. She is rather / fairly a nice person
3. He is rather / quite more intelligent than his boss
4. She ate rather / fairly too much last night
5. It was a fairly / quite interesting film
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3.
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6. It was rather / pretty a stupid idea to go out tonight
7. His idea was fairly / rather brilliant
8. Frankly speaking your advice is fairly / quite useless in these circumstances
9. I expected the party to be a disaster but it was fairly / rather successful
10. The knife slipped when she was dicing vegetables and she has a pretty / quite deep cut
on her hand.
KEY
I.
1.
1. branch
2. downpour
3. float
4. harsh
5. poisonous
6. pollen
7. reflect
8. rely
9. ripen
10. sap
11. spine
12. stem
13. store
14. tissue
15. withstand
16. Woodpec
ker
2.
1. withstand
2. harsh
3. ripening
4. storing
5. poisonous
6. reflected
7. float
8. rely
9. branches
II.
1. Beautiful tiny baroque pastel Italian china doll
2. Awful huge shapeless dark plastic monster
3. Nice antique triangular beige linen table cloth
4. Terrible gigantic black American concrete office
building
5. Frightening long French horror movie
6. Amusing modern colourful Russian comedy
7. Funny round yellow paper mask
8. Interesting big gray clay sculpture
9. Easy short English grammar exercise
10. Exciting thick 16 th century Japanese novel
2.
1. They found themselves in a pretty / prettily difficult situation
2. He had hard / hardly left the hospital when he broke his leg again
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Bo nauka nie musi byę nudna!
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