(gardening) Roses in the Garden and Landscape - Cultural Pra.pdf - Ogrodnictwo - ang - bibiariel

R OSES IN THE G ARDEN AND L ANDSCAPE :

C ULTURAL P RACTICES AND W EED C ONTROL

Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals

Roses in the landscape grow within an

interrelated system that includes other

plants, environmental conditions, pests,

and other organisms. Through careful

selection of plant varieties and manage-

ment of environmental conditions with

proper cultural practices, beautiful

roses can be grown with a minimum of

pest problems. Initial placement of

roses into a suitable site gives plants the

best opportunity for growth with mini-

mal maintenance. Once established,

healthy roses provided with appropri-

ate fertilizer and irrigation are less sus-

ceptible to some pest problems.

Sanitation efforts such as picking up

fallen leaves and winter prunings can

contribute to reducing disease and in-

sect incidence in spring. Finally, weeds

must be managed to reduce competi-

tion and provide an attractive land-

scape. For details on insect and mite

pests and their management, see Pest

Notes: Roses in the Garden and Landscape–

Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials . To

find out more about diseases of roses

and how to prevent them, see Pest

Notes: Roses in the Garden and Landscape–

Diseases and Abiotic Disorders. Both pub-

lications are listed in References .

made them a welcome and colorful

addition to the landscape.

upright plants, mounding shrub roses,

and ground covers:

• Upright plants grow as

medium-to-large

shrubs with uniform

foliage and bloom.

These varieties can

be used as border

plantings, screens,

or for vertical ac-

cents in a landscape

design. Multiple

plantings can be

maintained as an

informal hedge.

Varieties include ‘Sevillana,’ ‘Pink

Meidiland,’ and ‘Simplicity.’

• Mounding shrub roses are more ram-

bling than upright varieties. Uses

include borders and mass plantings.

Varieties include ‘Bonica,’

‘Flutterbye,’ ‘Lady of the Dawn,’

‘Lavender Dream,’ and ‘Scarlet

Meidiland.’

• Ground covers are low-growing variet-

ies that are useful as covers for slop-

ing banks, borders for walkways, or

cascades over walls. Some varieties

reach 2 1 ⁄ 2 feet in height. Varieties

include ‘Alba Meidiland,’ ‘Baby Blan-

ket,’ ‘Carefree Delight,’ ‘Eyeopener,’

‘The Fairy,’ ‘Flower Carpet,’ ‘Ralph’s

Creeper,’ ‘Red Ribbons,’ ‘Red

Meidiland,’ and ‘Sea Foam.’

Modern garden roses may be classified

into several categories based on lineage

and flowering characteristics. Most

hybrid teas and grandifloras were de-

veloped primarily for their large,

showy flowers and differ greatly from

each other in their disease susceptibil-

ity. Because of their profuse bloom and

disease resistance, the cluster-flowered

floribundas and low-growing polyan-

thas are more suitable for landscape use

than hybrid teas and grandifloras.

Polyantha rose

A relatively recent occurrence in rose

breeding has been the development of

landscape roses, also called shrub roses,

which are cultivars selected specifically

for use as flowering shrubs in the land-

scape. These varieties have enhanced

disease and insect resistance and re-

quire less pruning than the traditional

garden varieties of roses. Planting is

easier because thorns are smaller and

less numerous than those on other vari-

eties. Because petals

separate cleanly from

the stem, deadheading

(the removal of old

flowers) is not re-

quired. In cold

weather areas, the

own-root propagation

of landscape roses

means plants can regen-

erate true-to-type even if

killed to the ground by

cold temperatures.

Landscape roses are

available in three

growth forms:

CULTIVAR SELECTION

Perhaps the earliest specific use of roses

as landscape plants in the United States

occurred in the late 1800s and early

1900s. Hybrids of Rosa rugosa roses

from China and Japan were extensively

planted as hedges and snowbreaks

around farmsteads on the Great Plains.

Although the flowers of R. rugosa culti-

vars are small, the ability of plants to

survive, even in temperatures of -30°F,

CULTURAL PRACTICES

Grandiflora rose

Establishment

Roses are often purchased in late winter

or early spring as bare-root plants. To

maintain plant health, these plants

should be held in the nursery under

P EST N OTES

Publication 7465

University of California

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Revised July 2003

July 2003

Roses: Cultural Practices and Weed Control

cool conditions with their roots kept

moist. Packaged plants should also be

kept cool because warm temperatures

hasten loss of carbohydrate reserves

and contribute to gradual desiccation

of wood and the resulting difficulty in

establishment. As day temperatures rise

above 70°F in late spring, establishment

from bare-root stock becomes more diffi-

cult. To increase the percentage of sur-

vival when planting bare-root stock in

May or June, mist the wood once or

twice per day and place mulch around

the base of the plant to increase

humidity.

warmest months. Mulches help to de-

crease water loss from the soil through

evaporation and may enhance growth

of the root system.

Table 1. Suggested Soil pH, EC e , and

Nutrient Levels for Growing Roses.

Soil characteristics Unit Low High

pH (acidity/alkalinity) — 6.0 7.5

EC e (electrical conductivity) dS/m 0.5 2.0

NO 3 -N (nitrate-N)

Soil and Nutritional Requirements

Roses prefer well-drained soil with a

pH near the neutral value of 7.0. Many

California soils are still suitable despite

a pH above 7.0, but the likelihood of

micronutrient deficiencies becomes

greater as pH increases, especially for

pH values above 7.5. Roses are not salt

tolerant, so electrical conductivity (EC e )

values, which measure the level of salt

ions in the soil, should be less than 2.0

dS/m. Soil test results with levels suit-

able for roses are given in Table 1.

ppm

35 150

NH 4 -N (ammoniacal-N)

ppm

0 20

P (phosphorus)

ppm

5 50

K (potassium)

ppm

50 300

Ca (calcium)

ppm

40 200

Mg (magnesium)

ppm

20 100

B (boron)

ppm 0.1 0.75

Fe (iron)

ppm 0.3 3.0

Roses may be planted throughout the

summer from nursery containers. How-

ever, the current season’s stock is more

vigorous than container stock held over

from the previous year. With the excep-

tion of miniatures and smaller cultivars,

roses generally do not perform well

when maintained in nursery pots for

more than one season.

Mn (manganese)

ppm 0.2 3.0

Cu (copper)

ppm 0.001 0.5

Zn (zinc)

ppm 0.03 3.0

Nitrogen is the nutrient typically in

shortest supply. Although nitrate

(NO 3 -N) levels may be lower than the

suggested value, this nutrient is easy to

add so that a low supply of NO 3 -N is

usually not problematic. For landscape

plantings or home gardens, adding

nitrogen in the form of soluble or slow-

release fertilizer at the rate of 1 pound

actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet

twice per year, spring and fall, should

provide an adequate amount of this

nutrient.

Mo (molybdenum)

ppm 0.01 0.10

Table 2. Suggested Values for Nutrient

Levels in Rose Tissue.

Nutrient (unit)

Low

High

N (%)

3.0

5.0

Planting sites may have full sun to par-

tial shade; however, roses do best with

6 hours or more of direct sun.

P (%)

0.2

0.3

K (%)

2.0

3.0

Ca (%)

1.0

1.5

Irrigation

Roses need to be irrigated in most loca-

tions in California. Drought stress leads

to defoliation and sunburn of canes and

may contribute to spider mite prob-

lems. However, overwatering or poorly

drained soils may lead to root disease

and nutritional deficiencies. Water may

be supplied via overhead sprays, flood

irrigation, or drip tubing. Irrigation

with over-the-top delivery should take

place in the morning so foliage dries

during the day. Frequency and dura-

tion of irrigation will depend on

weather conditions and soil texture.

Checking after irrigation to determine

soil moisture status and rate of deple-

tion is helpful in scheduling irrigation.

Roses do best when 50% of available

water is depleted between irrigations.

Daily irrigation should not be necessary

even in the desert areas of California.

For example, in the Central Valley,

irrigation twice per week is usually

satisfactory for roses in landscapes; rose

plants in production fields are irrigated,

at most, at 8-day intervals during the

Mg (%)

0.25

0.35

Zn (ppm)

Mn (ppm)

250

Tissue tests may be used to provide

information on the current nutritional

status of the rose plant. Suggested nu-

trient levels are presented in Table 2.

Fe (ppm)

150

Cu (ppm)

B (ppm)

Pruning

Pruning provides an opportunity to

direct growth and invigorate rose

plants. Pruning requirements vary

among types of rose plants. Hybrid

teas, grandifloras, and many floribun-

das benefit from annual pruning in

which three to five canes remain in a

vase-shaped configuration. Landscape

varieties may be hedged or left

unpruned, although

rejuvenation pruning

or removal of older

stems every 2 to 3

years will renew

vigor in the plant-

ing. In most of Cali-

fornia, pruning

should be done in

winter before buds swell, although it

may be delayed where

late spring frosts are

common. A starting

point in pruning is to

remove diseased and

damaged wood. Between

one-third and two-thirds

of healthy wood may be

removed through a com-

bination of heading and

thinning cuts, which

should be within 1 ⁄ 4 inch above

outwardly growing lateral buds or

branches. Removal of more wood re-

sults in fewer but larger flowers with

longer stems; less pruning preserves the

size of plants and results in a greater

Pruning cut

Vase-shaped

configuration

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July 2003

Roses: Cultural Practices and Weed Control

number of smaller flowers. Pruning

paint or other wound dressings are not

necessary.

In extensive plantings or professionally

managed public or commercial land-

scapes, mulches and hand-weeding

may be supplemented with herbicides.

Some of these materials may be avail-

able only to professional applicators

and not to home gardeners. The

preemergent herbicides oryzalin

(Surflan and Weed Stopper) and pen-

dimethalin (Pendulum) can be used

around roses before weeds emerge or

after weeds are removed, but before

others germinate. These herbicides will

not control established weeds. While

these herbicides primarily control

grasses, they also control broadleaf

plants such as chickweed, fiddleneck,

knotweed, lambsquarters, pigweed,

prostrate spurge, oxalis (from seed),

and purslane. The postemergent herbi-

cides fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade),

sethoxydim (Grass Getter), and

clethodim (Envoy), which are used to

control grasses, should be used when

the grass plants are small and will not

injure rose plants. Direct these sprays to

the base of the weeds for best control.

Be sure to consult labels for permitted

sites and rates.

stems in addition to the leaves. Glypho-

sate damage may appear at bud break

the following spring after a summer or

fall application that contacts leaves or

stems; symptoms include a prolifera-

tion of small, whitish shoots and leaves.

For more information on weed control

in the landscape, see Pest Notes: Weed

Management in Landscapes in References .

During the growing season, the rule-of-

thumb for cutting blooms on first-year

plants is to make the cut above the first

outwardly facing five-leaflet leaf. On

well-established plants, cut blooms

somewhat lower to e nsure new canes

can support the weight of the blooms.

Cuts can be made above the first out-

wardly facing five-leaflet leaf up from

the base of the shoot. Removal of spent

rose blossoms allows the plant to con-

serve energy and leads to further flower

production. To deadhead a rose plant,

use the same guidelines as those for

cutting blooms. Landscape varieties do

not need to be deadheaded.

REFERENCES

Flint, M. L., and J. Karlik. 1999. Pest

Notes: Roses in the Garden and Landscape–

Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials. Oak-

land: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ.

7466. Also available online at

www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.

Karlik, J. 1998. Weed management for

roses in landscape plantings. Proc. 50th

Annual Calif. Weed Sci. Soc., pp. 12-14.

WEED MANAGEMENT

Weeds are common in many landscape

situations including around rose plant-

ings. Mulching with 2 to 4 inches of

organic material such as wood chips

will help reduce annual weeds and

make hand-weeding easier. Woven

landscape fabrics placed under organic

mulch will provide weed control for

several years. In most home gardens,

mulches supplemented with regular

hand-weeding or roguing (digging out

the entire plant, roots and all) should

provide satisfactory weed control. Me-

chanical cultivation devices such as

hoes must be used with care because

roses are shallow rooted.

Karlik, J., and M. L. Flint. 1999. Pest

Notes: Roses in the Garden and Landscape–

Diseases and Abiotic Disorders. Oakland:

Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7463.

Also available online at

www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.

Roses are sensitive to postemergent,

broadleaf herbicides used in the land-

scape such as 2,4-D, triclopyr, and di-

camba. Use broadleaf herbicides with

great care when rose plants are present

in the landscape so as to not cause dam-

age from drift. Roses are also very sen-

sitive to glyphosate (Roundup), which

can be absorbed through the green

Karlik, J., and C. Harwood. 1991. Land-

scape roses bred for performance. Calif.

Landscape Mag. 16(3):28-29.

Wilen, C. A., and C. L. Elmore. 2001.

Pest Notes: Weed Management in Land-

scapes. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat.

Res. Publ. 7441. Also available online at

www.ipm.ucdavis.edu.

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3 ◆

July 2003

Roses: Cultural Practices and Weed Control

For more information contact the University

of California Cooperative Extension or agri-

cultural commissioner’s office in your coun-

ty. See your phone book for addresses and

phone numbers.

AUTHOR: J. F. Karlik

EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf

TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint

DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush

ILLUSTRATIONS: Karen Ling

Produced by IPM Education and Publica-

tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, Universi-

ty of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620

WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS

Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations

given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,

away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.

Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially

gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.

Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either

use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste

Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container

disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of

empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such

a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.

This Pest Note is available on the World

Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)

This publication has been anonymously peer

reviewed for technical accuracy by University of

California scientists and other qualified profes-

sionals. This review process was managed by the

ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management.

To simplify information, trade names of products

have been used. No endorsement of named products

is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products

that are not mentioned.

This material is partially based upon work

supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department

of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d),

Integrated Pest Management.

The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by

or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex,

physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry,

marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (covered veterans are

special disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Vietnam-era veterans, or any other veterans

who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has

been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State

and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University’s equal employment opportunity policies may be

directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture

and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6 th Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3550, (510) 987-0096.

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