ORNA-ORNSTEIN, John - Archaeology. Discovering the Past.pdf

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Archaeology: Discovering the Past
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Archaeology
Discovering the past
John Orna-Ornstein
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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For Emily and Benjamin
Illustration acknowledgments
Photographs are © The British Museum, taken by The British
Museum Photography and Imaging Department, unless
otherwise stated.
The illustrations on pages 11, 19, 20, 21 and 26 were drawn by
Victor Ambrus.
The digital artwork on p. 17 was created by Mark Timson/New
Media Unit/The British Museum.
The map on p. 35 was drawn by ML Design.
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Lesley and Roy Adkins Picture Library: p. 8 top; p. 15 left; p. 16
bottom; p. 27 top left; p. 39 top.
The Ancient Art and Architecture Collection Ltd/R. Sheridan:
p. 36 bottom.
Aspect Picture Library Ltd: p. 24 top.
Mike Baillie: p. 21 top right.
Stephen Benson: p. 9 top left.
Mensun Bound: p. 18 top.
The Bridgeman Art Library: p. 6 center (Charles Towneley and his
Friends in the Towneley Gallery, 33 Park St, Westminster,
1781-3, oil on canvas, by Johann Zoffany (1733-1810),
Towneley Hall Art Gallery and Museum, Burnley, Lancashire/
Bridgeman Art Library).
Caroline Cartwright, Dept of Scientific Research, The British
Museum: p. 31 bottom.
Collections: p. 5 top; p. 10 center; p. 33 bottom.
Crown copyright. NMR (15406/20): p. 13 center.
James P. Delgado: p. 18 bottom.
Dr Clark L. Erickson: p. 5 bottom.
Joyce Filer: p. 27 top right and center; p. 28 right and left;
p. 30 center.
Werner Forman: p. 38 top left.
John Frost Newspapers: p. 8 bottom.
Professor Norman Hammond: p. 24 bottom; p. 25 bottom left
and right.
John W. Lord: p. 32 bottom.
Nigel Macbeth: p. 26 center.
© Mary Rose Trust: p. 19 top.
Dr Sam Moorhead: p. 14; p. 15 center right and bottom;
p. 30 right.
Peter Newark's American Pictures: p. 6 bottom.
Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge: p. 19 center left.
Paul Pettitt: p. 36 center.
Pitt Rivers Museum, University of Oxford: p. 17 bottom right.
Reunion des Musees ANationaux/R.G. Ojeda; Portrait of
Champollion by Cogniet Leon (1794-1880): p. 37 bottom left.
Royal National Throat, Nose and Ear Hospital: p. 30 left.
© Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum: p. 7 center and bottom.
Science Photo Library: p. 21 bottom left.
Spinks: p. 19 center right.
Stratascan Ltd: p. 13 bottom left.
Helen Tayler: p. 4 bottom left.
Vancouver Maritime Museum: p. 18 center.
Peter Waddell, Parks Canada: p. 19 bottom left.
© Elaine A. Wakefield/Wessex Archaeology: p. 13 top and
bottom right.
Oxford New York
Auckland Bangkok Buenos Aires Cape Town
Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Hong Kong
Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid
Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Sao Paulo
Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto
and an associated company in Berlin
Copyright © 2002 by The Trustees of The British Museum
Published by Oxford University Press, Inc.
198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016
Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of
Oxford University Press.
First published in 2002 by The British Museum Press
A division of The British Museum Company Ltd
46 Bloomsbury Street, London WC1B 3QQ
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available
ISBN 0-19-521909-0
135798 642
Designed and typeset by Fiona Webb
Cover design by Slatter-Anderson
Printed and bound in Belgium by Proost NV
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Contents
Introduction
4
Searchers
6
Famous excavations
8
What is left?
10
Landscapes of the past
12
Excavation
14
Reconstructing the past
16
Underwater archaeology
18
How old is it?
20
Conservation
22
What was the world like?
24
Faces from the past
26
Life and death
28
What did they eat?
30
Tools and technology
32
Trade and exchange
34
What did they think?
36
The future of archaeology
38
Further reading and Index
40
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rchaeology is the study of people who lived in the past
from the objects they have left behind. Sometimes these
objects are spectacular - perhaps pieces of jewelry or beautiful
sculptures. More often, they are the remains of everyday life,
such as pieces of pottery or coins that have been thrown away
or lost. By studying these objects it is possible to learn the
stories of people who lived thousands of years ago, often long
before any history was written down to tell us about them.
What does an archaeologist do?
Archaeologists excavate, or uncover, traces of
people who lived in the past. The places where
these traces are found are called 'sites'. You
might find archaeologists working on a sandy
site in the deserts of Egypt, diving to search
the remains of a shipwreck, or excavating a
medieval cemetery in the middle of a busy city.
Archaeologists at
work: excavating sites,
conserving an Egyptian
mummy case, and
recording objects found
on an excavation.
Archaeology is not only about finding things.
It is also about understanding the things that
are found. So you might also see archaeologists
in a laboratory staring at tiny remains through
a microscope or in a library studying reports of
excavations in the past. From the remains of
the past, archaeologists try to understand
what people were like and why they acted as
they did.
4
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