4. Teaching-English_1_.pdf

Lucy Pollard’s Guide to

Teaching English

A book to help you through your first two years in teaching

LUCY POLLARD’S GUIDE TO

TEACHING ENGLISH

A book to help you through your first two years in teaching

INTRODUCTION

This book is intended as a guide for those of you who are new to teaching English. It

will be a great resource to you as you begin your teaching career. It will help you in

most of the situations you will encounter in your first two years of teaching.

In Chapters 1 and 2, I will present the key aspects of teaching and explain some terms

that will be used throughout the book. Subsequent chapters will cover some of these

points in greater detail. You can read this book in any order that suits you; you can

read it from cover to cover; you can dip into it as and when necessary; you can decide

to just read the chapters that are of interest or relevance to you. However, I advise all

readers to start with a complete reading of Chapters 1 and 2.

All books mentioned throughout this e-book are listed at the end, under References,

along with details of author and publisher.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Lucy Pollard has worked as a teacher, teacher trainer, writer, TEFL consultant and

Director of Studies for over 18 years. Her experience is varied: she has taught general

English, English for specific purposes and English for academic purposes to adults.

She has also taught teenagers and young children. She has the UCLES Diploma in

TEFL, the Certificate in TEFL from the University of London, a Bachelor’s degree in

Psychology and the Diploma in Life Coaching.

She is passionate about teaching and learning and has shared her knowledge with

students, teachers and colleagues for many years.

THANKS

The author would like to thank the following people for their help in the production of

this book:

Josef Essberger

Ann Harrison

Maggie James

This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.

INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................2

ABOUT THE AUTHOR........................................................................................................... 2

THANKS................................................................................................................................... 2

CHAPTER 1: THE BASICS OF TEACHING ENGLISH ..................................................................6

1.1 Use of English and use of mother tongue ................................................................................6

1.2 Using the blackboard, whiteboard ...........................................................................................6

1.3 Who talks in class?...................................................................................................................7

1.4 Eliciting....................................................................................................................................8

1.5 Pair work and group work........................................................................................................8

1.6 How to organise group and pair work......................................................................................9

1.7 What does the teacher do during pair and group work?...........................................................9

1.8 Some disadvantages of group and pair work and what to do about it......................................10

1.9 What to do in your first lesson? ...............................................................................................10

1.10 Giving instructions ...................................................................................................................11

1.11 How to seat students ................................................................................................................12

1.12 Levels .......................................................................................................................................12

1.13 Essential elements for students to learn ...................................................................................13

1.14 Free and controlled language practice .....................................................................................14

1.15 Activities that provide controlled and freer language practice ................................................15

1.16 Accuracy and fluency...............................................................................................................16

1.17 Using a course book.................................................................................................................17

1.18 Choosing a course book ...........................................................................................................17

1.19 Roles of the teacher..................................................................................................................18

CHAPTER 2: APPROACHES TO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH..............................................19

2.1 Grammar translation method ...................................................................................................19

2.2 Audio-lingual method ..............................................................................................................19

2.3 Communicative approach ........................................................................................................20

2.4 PPP ...........................................................................................................................................22

2.5 Task-based learning .................................................................................................................22

2.6 ESA ..........................................................................................................................................23

2.7 Humanistic ...............................................................................................................................24

2.8 Lexical approach ......................................................................................................................24

2.9 A final word on teaching methods ...........................................................................................24

CHAPTER 3: PRESENTING AND PRACTISING LANGUAGE...................................................25

3.1 Stage 1: Pre-checking knowledge ............................................................................................25

3.2 Stage 2: Presentation................................................................................................................27

3.2.1 Explanation ..............................................................................................................................27

3.2.2 Demonstration..........................................................................................................................28

3.2.3 Illustration ................................................................................................................................28

3.2.4 Discovery / deducing meanings ...............................................................................................28

3.3 Stage 3: Check students’ understanding ..................................................................................30

3.4 Stage 4: Practising language points .........................................................................................30

3.5 Stage 5: Revision .....................................................................................................................31

3.6 A final word on presenting and practising language................................................................31

This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.

CHAPTER 4: SPEAKING.................................................................................................................33

4.1 Language ..................................................................................................................................33

4.2 Preparation ...............................................................................................................................34

4.3 Reason for speaking .................................................................................................................34

4.4 Types of speaking activities ........................................................................................ 34

4.4.1 Information gap........................................................................................................................34

4.4.2 Discussions: reaching a consensus...........................................................................................35

4.4.3 Discussions: moral dilemma ....................................................................................................35

4.4.4 Discussions involving opinions ...............................................................................................35

4.4.5 Debates.....................................................................................................................................36

4.4.6 Spontaneous conversations ......................................................................................................36

4.4.7 Role play ..................................................................................................................................36

Tips and advice for role plays: ...........................................................................................................36

4.4.8 Problem solving: reorganising the zoo.....................................................................................37

4.4.9 Discussion about jobs (based on an activity in Discussions A-Z Intermediate) ......................37

4.4.10 Discussions based on pictures .................................................................................................37

4.4.11 Topic prompts .........................................................................................................................38

4.5 A final word on speaking activities..........................................................................................38

CHAPTER 5: LISTENING................................................................................................................39

5.1 Listening for gist ......................................................................................................................39

5.2 Extensive listening ...................................................................................................................40

5.3 Listening for specific information............................................................................................40

5.4 Listening for detailed information ...........................................................................................40

5.5 Predicting .................................................................................................................................40

5.6 A template for a listening activity lesson.................................................................................41

5.7 A final word on listening activities ..........................................................................................43

CHAPTER 6: READING...................................................................................................................44

6.1 Reading skills and sub-skills....................................................................................................44

6.1.1 Reading for gist ........................................................................................................................44

6.1.2 Reading to extract detailed information...................................................................................45

6.1.3 Reading to extract specific information ...................................................................................45

6.1.4 Predicting .................................................................................................................................45

6.1.5 Extensive reading .....................................................................................................................46

6.2 Template for a reading skills lesson.........................................................................................46

6.3 A final word on reading activities............................................................................................48

CHAPTER 7: WRITING ...................................................................................................................49

7.1 Language ..................................................................................................................................49

7.2 Time for preparation ................................................................................................................49

7.3 Reason for writing....................................................................................................................49

7.4 Creating interest in the topic and activating students’ knowledge...........................................50

7.5 Coherence and cohesion...........................................................................................................50

7.6 Publication ...............................................................................................................................50

7.7 Approaches to teaching writing: process writing.....................................................................51

7.8 Approaches to teaching writing: the genre approach to writing ..............................................53

7.9 Shorter writing activities ..........................................................................................................53

7.10 Using computers ......................................................................................................................54

This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: