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Lucy Pollard’s Guide to
Teaching English
A book to help you through your first two years in teaching
LUCY POLLARD’S GUIDE TO
TEACHING ENGLISH
A book to help you through your first two years in teaching
INTRODUCTION
This book is intended as a guide for those of you who are new to teaching English. It
will be a great resource to you as you begin your teaching career. It will help you in
most of the situations you will encounter in your first two years of teaching.
In Chapters 1 and 2, I will present the key aspects of teaching and explain some terms
that will be used throughout the book. Subsequent chapters will cover some of these
points in greater detail. You can read this book in any order that suits you; you can
read it from cover to cover; you can dip into it as and when necessary; you can decide
to just read the chapters that are of interest or relevance to you. However, I advise all
readers to start with a complete reading of Chapters 1 and 2.
All books mentioned throughout this e-book are listed at the end, under References,
along with details of author and publisher.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Lucy Pollard has worked as a teacher, teacher trainer, writer, TEFL consultant and
Director of Studies for over 18 years. Her experience is varied: she has taught general
English, English for specific purposes and English for academic purposes to adults.
She has also taught teenagers and young children. She has the UCLES Diploma in
TEFL, the Certificate in TEFL from the University of London, a Bachelor’s degree in
Psychology and the Diploma in Life Coaching.
She is passionate about teaching and learning and has shared her knowledge with
students, teachers and colleagues for many years.
THANKS
The author would like to thank the following people for their help in the production of
this book:
Josef Essberger
Ann Harrison
Maggie James
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
2
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................2
ABOUT THE AUTHOR........................................................................................................... 2
THANKS................................................................................................................................... 2
CHAPTER 1: THE BASICS OF TEACHING ENGLISH ..................................................................6
1.1 Use of English and use of mother tongue ................................................................................6
1.2 Using the blackboard, whiteboard ...........................................................................................6
1.3 Who talks in class?...................................................................................................................7
1.4 Eliciting....................................................................................................................................8
1.5 Pair work and group work........................................................................................................8
1.6 How to organise group and pair work......................................................................................9
1.7 What does the teacher do during pair and group work?...........................................................9
1.8 Some disadvantages of group and pair work and what to do about it......................................10
1.9 What to do in your first lesson? ...............................................................................................10
1.10 Giving
instructions ...................................................................................................................11
1.11 How to seat students ................................................................................................................12
1.12 Levels .......................................................................................................................................12
1.13 Essential elements for students to learn ...................................................................................13
1.14 Free and controlled language practice .....................................................................................14
1.15 Activities
that
provide controlled and freer language practice ................................................15
1.16 Accuracy and fluency...............................................................................................................16
1.17 Using a course book.................................................................................................................17
1.18 Choosing a course book ...........................................................................................................17
1.19 Roles of the teacher..................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2: APPROACHES TO THE TEACHING OF ENGLISH..............................................19
2.1 Grammar translation method ...................................................................................................19
2.2 Audio-lingual
method ..............................................................................................................19
2.3 Communicative
approach ........................................................................................................20
2.4 PPP ...........................................................................................................................................22
2.5 Task-based
learning .................................................................................................................22
2.6 ESA ..........................................................................................................................................23
2.7 Humanistic ...............................................................................................................................24
2.8 Lexical
approach ......................................................................................................................24
2.9 A final word on teaching methods ...........................................................................................24
CHAPTER 3: PRESENTING AND PRACTISING LANGUAGE...................................................25
3.1 Stage 1: Pre-checking knowledge ............................................................................................25
3.2 Stage 2: Presentation................................................................................................................27
3.2.1 Explanation ..............................................................................................................................27
3.2.2 Demonstration..........................................................................................................................28
3.2.3 Illustration ................................................................................................................................28
3.2.4 Discovery / deducing meanings ...............................................................................................28
3.3 Stage 3: Check students’ understanding ..................................................................................30
3.4 Stage 4: Practising language points .........................................................................................30
3.5 Stage 5: Revision .....................................................................................................................31
3.6 A final word on presenting and practising language................................................................31
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
3
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
CHAPTER 4: SPEAKING.................................................................................................................33
4.1 Language ..................................................................................................................................33
4.2 Preparation ...............................................................................................................................34
4.3 Reason for speaking .................................................................................................................34
4.4 Types of speaking activities ........................................................................................ 34
4.4.1 Information
gap........................................................................................................................34
4.4.2 Discussions: reaching a consensus...........................................................................................35
4.4.3 Discussions:
moral
dilemma ....................................................................................................35
4.4.4 Discussions
involving
opinions ...............................................................................................35
4.4.5 Debates.....................................................................................................................................36
4.4.6 Spontaneous
conversations ......................................................................................................36
4.4.7 Role
play ..................................................................................................................................36
Tips and advice for role plays: ...........................................................................................................36
4.4.8 Problem solving: reorganising the zoo.....................................................................................37
4.4.9 Discussion about jobs (based on an activity in Discussions A-Z Intermediate) ......................37
4.4.10 Discussions based on pictures .................................................................................................37
4.4.11 Topic prompts .........................................................................................................................38
4.5 A final word on speaking activities..........................................................................................38
CHAPTER 5: LISTENING................................................................................................................39
5.1 Listening for gist ......................................................................................................................39
5.2 Extensive
listening ...................................................................................................................40
5.3 Listening for specific information............................................................................................40
5.4 Listening for detailed information ...........................................................................................40
5.5 Predicting .................................................................................................................................40
5.6 A template for a listening activity lesson.................................................................................41
5.7 A final word on listening activities ..........................................................................................43
CHAPTER 6: READING...................................................................................................................44
6.1 Reading skills and sub-skills....................................................................................................44
6.1.1 Reading for gist ........................................................................................................................44
6.1.2 Reading to extract detailed information...................................................................................45
6.1.3 Reading to extract specific information ...................................................................................45
6.1.4 Predicting .................................................................................................................................45
6.1.5 Extensive
reading .....................................................................................................................46
6.2 Template for a reading skills lesson.........................................................................................46
6.3 A final word on reading activities............................................................................................48
CHAPTER 7: WRITING ...................................................................................................................49
7.1 Language ..................................................................................................................................49
7.2 Time
for
preparation ................................................................................................................49
7.3 Reason for writing....................................................................................................................49
7.4 Creating interest in the topic and activating students’ knowledge...........................................50
7.5 Coherence and cohesion...........................................................................................................50
7.6 Publication ...............................................................................................................................50
7.7 Approaches to teaching writing: process writing.....................................................................51
7.8 Approaches to teaching writing: the genre approach to writing ..............................................53
7.9 Shorter writing activities ..........................................................................................................53
7.10 Using
computers ......................................................................................................................54
Copyright © Lucy Pollard 2008 All Rights Reserved
4
This e-book may not be reproduced in part or in full without the express written permission of the author.
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