Coinage and money in the Byzantine Empire 1081-1261 1969.pdf

COINAGE AND MONEY

IN THE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

1081-1261

MICHAEL F. HENDY

Dumbarton Oaks

Center for Byzantine Studies

Trustees for Harvard University

Washington, District of Columbia

1969

DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES

0.< XII",

COINAGE AND MONEY

IN THE

BYZANTINE EMPIRE

1081-1261

55172

TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY

Acknowledgements

THE DUMBARTON OAKS RESEARCH LIBRARY AND COLLECTION

WASHINGTON. D.G.

Since the informal groundwork for this volume was already under way

while I was still an undergraduate at Oxford, a considerable element of thanks

must go to my former tutor, John Prestwich of The Queen's College, for aiding

and abetting my interest in the Byzantine state and its coinage-even to the

detriment of the fundamentals of historical research which he was endeavoring

to inculcate.

My chief debt of gratitude is due to Philip Grierson, Reader in Mediaeval

Numismatics at Cambridge University. That formal work was begun is almost

entirely due to his encouragement, and that it was completed owes much to

his friendly support over the past three years.

Alfred R. Bellinger, Professor at Yale University and Visiting Scholar at

Dumbarton Oaks, not only performed the unenviable task of reading through

the work while it was still in manuscript, but also showed himself willing to

lend a sympathetic ear to extravagant ideas and to ensure their discarding with

humor and kindliness.

Michael Metcalf, Assistant Keeper of Coins in the Ashmolean Museum,

Oxford, was the first to draw my attention to the possibility of using the

numismatic material in Bulgarian museums and has been most generous in

providing me with information regarding the coins in the Ashmolean Museum

itself, including those from the Goodacre Collection now on loan from Mrs. N. J.

Goodacre.

That this volume contains as much new hoard material as it does is the

result of an extremely pleasant stay of seven months in the People's Republic

of Bulgaria under the terms of a graduate exchange scholarship. That once

there I was actually able to fulfil the possibilities offered by the immense

amount of material available both at Sofia and in the provincial museums

is largely because of the guidance and efforts of Dr. Todor Gerassimov, Head of

the Coin Cabinet at the Archaeological Museum of the Academy of Sciences.

Warm thanks for cooperation, and in many cases for personal hospitality, are

also due to the staff of the Archaeological Museums at Plovdiv, Pazardzhik,

Stara Zagora, Kazanluk, Turnovo, Assenovgrad, Nova Zagora, Sliven, and

Blagoevgrad. Particular thanks must go to Messrs. Dzhambov and Kolev of

Plovdiv, Nikolov of

Distributed by

J. J. Augustin, Publisher

Locust Valley, New York

Stara Zagora,

and Getov of

Kazanluk,

and to Mme

Gizdova of Pazardzhik.

The possibility of turning this into a book is very largely due to the generosity

of Dumbarton Oaks in electing me to a Junior Fellowship and in prolonging

Library of Congress Catalogne Card Number 62-17509

Printed in Germany at J. J. Augnstin, Gliickstadt

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

it over two years. For most Byzantine scholars such a stay means the provision

of admirable working conditions and the use of a splendid library; for a numis-

matist it means, in addition, the privilege of access to one of the great coin

collections of the world. I am also profoundly grateful to the Publications

Committee for accepting the volume for publication in their series of Stuclies.

Special mention must be made of the indefatigable efforts of Mrs. Margaret

Sevcenko who not only typed my manuscript but also attempted at that late

stage to correct the major blemishes of language that had hitherto escaped.

Photographs of coins in the Munzkabinett, Berlin, were obtained through

the kind offices of Dr. Peter Berghaus of Munster.

I owe Plates 48-50 to the generosity of Paul A. Underwood, Professor at

Dumbarton Oaks. *

Messrs. Wallace Lane and Richard Amt, the Dumbarton Oaks photogra-

phers, have exercised their skill (and patience) in providing the photographic

plates for the volume mainly by direct photography rather than by the more

usual process utilizing plaster casts. The casting of over four hundred scyphate

coins, many in lamentable style and regrettable state of preservation, would

have been a gigantic task.

Messrs. John Wilson and Robert Halpin of Dumbarton Oaks have used

their admirable talents in drawing the maps at the end of the volume.

Finally, my thanks must be extended to the authorities of the various

museums and institutions that have allowed me to illustrate material from

their coin cabinets: the British Museum, the Ashmolean Museum, the Biblio-

theque Nationale, the American Numismatic Society, and the Johns Hopkins

University Museum. Mr. Philip Whitting also kindly gave me the freedom

of his considerable collection. To Mme Ucile Morrisson of the Bibliotheque

N ationale the author owes a particular debt of gratitude for friendly hospi-

tality and cooperation.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements

List of Plates .

Selected Numismatic Bibliography

xvii

List of Abbreviations .

List of Ligatured Letters Used in Inscriptions.

XVlll

SECTION I: PRELIMINARIES

The Eleventh Century: Monetary Crisis

Specific Gravity Determinations: Gold and Electrum

Nomismata ca. 1081-1203

The Twelfth Century: Monetary Recovery.

CHAPTER I

CHAPTER 2

CHAPTER 3

CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 5

CHAPTER 6

The Monetary Terminology of the Twelfth Century.

The Date of the Alexian Monetary Reform

The Palaia kai Nea Logarike

Imperial Ceremonial Costume

CHAPTER 7

SECTION II: THE COINS 1081-1204

7 1

102

III

13 1

13 2

13 6

143

CHAPTER 8

The Comneni .

(i) Alexius I, Pre-reform, 1081-1092.

(ii) Alexius I, Post-reform, I092-III8

(iii) John II (rrI8-II43)

(iv) Manuel I (rr43-II80)

(v) Alexius II (rr80-rr84)

(vi) Andronicus I (II83-II8S)

(vii) Isaac, Usurper in Cyprus (rr84-II9I) .

M. F. Hendy

Dumbarton Oaks

24 May 1967

* Since the above was written, we regret to announce the death of Professor Underwood in Sep-

tember 1968.

Ed.

CHAPTER 9

The Angeli and Ducae

(i)

Isaac II (rr8S-II9S)

Isaac

(ii)

Uncertain

Attribution:

Isaac

Comnenus

Angelus

147

Vll

TABLE OF CONTENTS

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION IV: GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS

(iii)

Theodore Mangaphas, Usurper in Philadelphia (II89-

II90).

3 0 I

CHAPTER I3

Apodesmoi and Apokombia

I49

ISO

Is6

IS6

(iv)

Alexius III (II9S-I203) .

3 I S

CHAPTER I4

The Coinage and the Economy

(v)

Isaac II, Alexius IV (I203-I204) .

(vi)

Alexius V (I204)

SECTION V: MATERIALS

CHAPTER IO

The Internal Organization of the Metropolitan Mint

IS7

CHAPTER IS List of Hoards.

SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE.

Key to Plates.

Indexes .

I. Rulers, Mints, and Denominations

II. Hoards

Ill. Imperial Ceremonial Costume

IV. Religious Figures

SECTION Ill: THE COINS I204-I26I

CHAPTER II (i)

The Imitative Coinage of

the Period of the Latin

Emperors

(I204-I26I)

and Kings of

Thessalonica

(I204-I224)

I9 I

(ii)

The Imitative Coinage of the Period of the Asenid

Tsars of Bulgaria (ca. II9S-?)

2I8

223

(iii)

Summary.

General

Plates

Maps

The Lands of the Byzantine Empire I08I-I26I

Hoard Locations

CHAPTER I2

The Empires of Nicaea and Thessalonica

(i) The Empire of Nicaea .

Theodore I (I208-I222) .

John III (I222-I2S4)

Theodore II (I2S4-I2S8)

John IV (I2S8/S9). . .

Michael VIII (I2S8/S9-I26I).

Uncertain Nicaean Attribution . . .

The Family Names of the Emperors of Nicaea

(ii) The Empire of Thessalonica .

Theodore Ducas (I224-I230).

Manuel Ducas (I230-I237) .

John Ducas (I237-I244) .

Demetrius Ducas (I244-I246) .

Uncertain Thessalonican Attribution. .

(iii) Thessalonica under the Emperors of Nicaea

John III (I246-I2S4)

Theodore II (I2S4-I2S8) .

Michael VIII (I2S8/S9-I26I).

(iv) Other Rulers. . . .

The "Despots" of Epirus . . . . . .

Leo and John Gavalas, Rulers of Rhodes (ca. I204-

ca. I2S0).

224

227

237

256

26I

26 4

266

26 7

268

274

279

288

28 9

29 0

295

29 6

297

Ivan II Asen, Tsar of Bulgaria (I2I8-I24I)

"Stefan Ducas Rex"

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