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High Voltage Engineering
Fundamentals
High Voltage Engineering
Fundamentals
Second edition
E. Kuffel
Dean Emeritus,
University of Manitoba,
Winnipeg, Canada
W.S. Zaengl
Professor Emeritus,
Electrical Engineering Dept.,
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology,
Zurich, Switzerland
J. Kuffel
Manager of High Voltage and Current Laboratories,
Ontario Hydro Technologies,
Toronto, Canada
Newnes
OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI
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Newnes
An imprint of Butterworth-Heinemann
Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP
225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn, MA 01801-2041
A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd
First published 1984 by Pergamon Press
Reprinted 1986
Second edition 2000, published by Butterworth-Heinemann
E. Kuffel and W.S. Zaengl 1984
E. Kuffel, W.S. Zaengl and J. Kuffel 2000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication
may be reproduced in any material form (including
photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic
means and whether or not transiently or incidentally
to some other use of this publication) without the
written permission of the copyright holder except
in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a
licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd,
90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1P 9HE.
Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission
to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed
to the publishers
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
ISBN 0 7506 3634 3
Typeset by Laser Words, Madras, India
Printed in Great Britain
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Contents
Preface to second edition
xi
Preface to first edition
xv
Chapter 1 Introduction
1
1.1 Generation and transmission of electric energy
1
1.2 Voltage stresses 3
1.3 Testing voltages 5
1.3.1 Testing with power frequency voltages
5
1.3.2 Testing with lightning impulse voltages
5
1.3.3 Testing with switching impulses
6
1.3.4 D.C. voltages 6
1.3.5 Testing with very low frequency voltage
7
References
7
Chapter 2 Generation of high voltages
8
2.1 Direct voltages 9
2.1.1 A.C. to D.C. conversion
10
2.1.2 Electrostatic generators
24
2.2 Alternating voltages 29
2.2.1 Testing transformers
32
2.2.2 Series resonant circuits
40
2.3 Impulse voltages 48
2.3.1 Impulse voltage generator circuits 52
2.3.2 Operation, design and construction of impulse generators
66
2.4 Control systems
74
References
75
Chapter 3 Measurement of high voltages
77
3.1 Peak voltage measurements by spark gaps
78
3.1.1 Sphere gaps 79
3.1.2 Reference measuring systems
91
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vi Contents
3.1.3 Uniform field gaps
92
3.1.4 Rod gaps 93
3.2 Electrostatic voltmeters 94
3.3 Ammeter in series with high ohmic resistors and high ohmic resistor voltage
dividers 96
3.4 Generating voltmeters and field sensors
107
3.5 The measurement of peak voltages 109
3.5.1 The Chubb – Fortescue method 110
3.5.2 Voltage dividers and passive rectifier circuits
113
3.5.3 Active peak-reading circuits 117
3.5.4 High-voltage capacitors for measuring circuits 118
3.6 Voltage dividing systems and impulse voltage measurements 129
3.6.1 Generalized voltage generation and measuring circuit 129
3.6.2 Demands upon transfer characteristics of the measuring system
132
3.6.3 Fundamentals for the computation of the measuring system
139
3.6.4 Voltage dividers 147
3.6.5 Interaction between voltage divider and its lead
163
3.6.6 The divider’s low-voltage arm 171
3.7 Fast digital transient recorders for impulse measurements 175
3.7.1 Principles and historical development of transient digital recorders
176
3.7.2 Errors inherent in digital recorders 179
3.7.3 Specification of ideal A/D recorder and parameters required for h.v.
impulse testing
183
3.7.4 Future trends
195
References
196
Chapter 4 Electrostatic fields and field stress control 201
4.1 Electrical field distribution and breakdown strength of insulating materials
201
4.2 Fields in homogeneous, isotropic materials 205
4.2.1 The uniform field electrode arrangement
206
4.2.2 Coaxial cylindrical and spherical fields
209
4.2.3 Sphere-to-sphere or sphere-to-plane
214
4.2.4 Two cylindrical conductors in parallel
218
4.2.5 Field distortions by conducting particles
221
4.3 Fields in multidielectric, isotropic materials
225
4.3.1 Simple configurations 227
4.3.2 Dielectric refraction 232
4.3.3 Stress control by floating screens
235
4.4 Numerical methods 241
4.4.1 Finite difference method (FDM)
242

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