QEX_2007_07_08.pdf

$ 5

ARRL

225 Main Street

Newington, CT USA 06111-1494

The national association for

AMATEUR RADIO

HL-1.5KFX

HF Amp, HF/50MHz Linear Power Ampliﬁ er

Complies

with New

FCC Rules.

This compact and lightweight 1kW desktop HF/50MHz linear power ampliﬁ er has a maximum input power of 1.75kW. Our solid-state

broadband power amp technology makes it the smallest and lightest self-contained ampliﬁ er in the industry in it’s class.

Typical output power is 1kW PEP/SSB on HF and 650W on 6m band with the drive power of 85-90W. Bands set automatically with the built-in

band decoder. You can forget about the band setting when the ampliﬁ er is connected to your modern radio through supplied band data cables

for ICOM CI-V, DC voltage (ICOM, Yaesu), and RS-232C (Kenwood). Manual band setting selectable as well.

All these data cables are included with the ampliﬁ er.

— Two More Fine Products from TOKYO HY- POWER —

HC-200AT

HF/50MHZ 200W Auto Antenna Tuner

HC-1.5KAT

HF 1.5KW Auto Tuner

Fast and Quiet, Auto Band Set!!

HC-200AT works with a variety of antennas such as short whip, vertical,

half lambda dipole, random length dipole with ladder type open feeder.

Features

■ HC-200AT is a compact 200W HF/6m auto antenna tuner . Works with any radio having a

frequency coverage of 1.8~54MHz, and power output of 2-200W.

■ With a wire antenna of 7.5m ( 25 feet ) or longer, the tuner will tune from 3.5 through 54MHz.

For 1.8MHz ( 160M ), a minimum length wire of 30m ( 95 feet ) is recommended.

■ The advanced 16 bit MPU ( micro processor) calculates the ratio of forward and reﬂ ected

power. Our newly developed computing algorithm produces world class tuning speed.

■ 256 capacitors ( C ) and inductors ( L ) are combined to form the inverted L-shape circuit.

Depending on antenna, capacitances may be switched from one end of inductors to the

other to form the reversed inverted -L shape circuit. Over 131,072 combinations of L & C.

High current capacity relays are used in the L and C tuning network.

■ Tuned data of L and C are stored in the ten channel memory. Tuning under memory mode

using the same antenna on the same frequency is ﬁ nished within 0.2 second after the initial

tuning.

■ Tuning will be accomplished by tapping the “TUNE” button, and or pressing the “TUNER”

(or “TUNE” ) button of the radio, if the tuner is connected to the Radio Interface cable.

(See Connection Section. )

■ Analog meter monitors the forward power (PF) and SWR. SWR is indicated automatically

with the modern processor IC.

Features

■ HC-1.5KAT is a high power HF auto antenna tuner designed to work with Tokyo HyPower

HL-1 .5KFX and HL-2.5KFX linear amplifers.

■ When combined with these THP ampliﬁ ers, band change is automatically made through the

band data signal from the radio and the ampliﬁ er. It also works with other ampllﬁ ers as well, in

manual mode.

■ Tuning time is typically within one second, (2.5 sec. max.). It handles maximum power of

1.5kW pep/cw when the intrinsic antenna SWR is no more than 2.0

■ Maximum impedance matching range is SWR of 4 to 1, there are three antenna connectors.

■ Two of high quality 3kV rating 200pF air variable capacitors are employed to form a “T” match

circuit being driven by high speed stepping motors.

■ Our own tuning algorithm together with an advanced 16 bit micro-processor enables an

extremely fast tuning.

Speciﬁ cations

Frequency Range:

1.8 - 29.7MHz

Output Impedanc. Range:

12.5 - 200 ohms: Reduced range at lower

band edges

Maximum Handling Power:

1.5kW (P.E.P./CW): RTTY 1kW

Input Impedance:

50 OHM

Tuning Power:

50W (80W max.)

Tuning Time:

1 sec. (typ.)

2.5 sec. (max.): Under typical worst

SWR condition

4.0 sec. (max.): Under absolute worst

SWR condition

DC Power Voltage:

DC 12V - 14 V: From External AC adaptor

Current Drain:

1.5A max.

Quiescent Current:

0.7A

Display:

LCD Module: 16 characters x 2 rows

Operating Temp. Range:

0 deg. to +40 deg. C

VSWR (Max.):

1.5 (typ.) or lower: Alter tuning

Circuit Type:

T-match network

Driving Motors:

Stepping Motors for Two Air Variable: 0.25

deg. resolution/step

Matching Algorythm:

Analog Control with MPU: Phase and IZI

Magnitude Detected

Dimension:

Approx. 8x5.6x12 inches (WxHxD)

Weight:

Approx. 11 lbs.

Input Connector:

SO-239 (UHF)

Output Connectors:

Three SO-239’s

Cooling:

Partial air forced cooling with fan.

Accessories:

DC power cable, 3.5mm dia. plug. Band

Control Cable with DIN 7 pin plugs.

Frequency Range:

1.8 - 54MHz

Output Impedance Range:

5 - 500 ohms (3.5 - 54MHz)

15 - 500 ohms (1.8 MHz)

Maximum Handling Power:

200W (P.E.P. /CW)

Input Impedance:

50 ohms

Tuning Power:

2 - 20W

Minimum and most adequate power

Tuning Time:

1.5 sec.( typ.) for initial tuning for SWR= 3.5:1

4 sec.( max.)

0.2 sec. for memory mode

DC Power Voltage:

DC 12V - 14V

Current Drain:

0.8A max.

Quiescent Current:

0.1A

Operating Temp. Range:

0 deg. to +40 deg. C

VSWR (Max.):

1.5 (typ.) or lower *

After tuning

Number of Memory:

10 ch.

Dimension:

195 x 60 x 242 mm (WxHxD )

7.7 x 2.4 x 9.5 inches

Weight:

Approx. 1kg. (2.2 lbs.)

Accessories:

DC power cable, 3.5mm dia. Plug **

** Ear-phone plug

Optional Parts:

1: 4 Unbal. To Bal. Balun

Model HBL-100

Remote control Cable for ICOM Radio

HTC-100AT/ICOM5 (5 meter)

Remote control Cable for ICOM Radio

HTC-100AT/ICOM10 (10 meter)

* This tuner does not tune wire antennas length with multiples of half a lambda or its vicinity.

QEX (ISSN: 0886-8093) is published bimonthly

in January, March, May, July, September, and

November by the American Radio Relay League,

225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111-1494.

Periodicals postage paid at Hartford, CT and at

additional mailing ofﬁ ces.

POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: QEX,

225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111-1494

Issue No 243

About the Cover

Fritz Raab, W1FR, is the project coordinator for

“The ARRL 500-kHz Experiment.” The article in

this issue describes the work done so far, and

describes some of the equipment and anten-

nas used by participating stations,

such as this Mackay 2017 transmitter

used by W4DEX.

Harold Kramer, WJ1B

Publisher

Doug Smith, KF6DX

Editor

Larry Wolfgang, WR1B

Managing Editor

Lori Weinberg, KB1EIB

Assistant Editor

L. B. Cebik, W4RNL

Zack Lau, W1VT

Ray Mack, W5IFS

Contributing Editors

Production Department

Steve Ford, WB8IMY

Publications Manager

Michelle Bloom, WB1ENT

Production Supervisor

Sue Fagan, KB1OKW

Graphic Design Supervisor

Devon Neal, KB1NSR

Technical Illustrator

Joe Shea

Production Assistant

Advertising Information Contact:

Janet L. Rocco, W1JLR

Business Services

860-594-0203 direct

800-243-7768 ARRL

860-594-4285 fax

Circulation Department

Cathy Stepina, QEX Circulation

Ofﬁ ces

225 Main St, Newington, CT 06111-1494 USA

Telephone: 860-594-0200

Fax: 860-594-0259 (24 hour direct line)

e-mail: qex@arrl.org

Subscription rate for 6 issues:

In the US: ARRL Member $24,

nonmember $36;

US by First Class Mail:

ARRL member $37, nonmember $49;

Elsewhere by Surface Mail (4-8 week delivery):

ARRL member $31, nonmember $43;

Canada by Airmail: ARRL member $40,

nonmember $52;

Elsewhere by Airmail: ARRL member $59,

nonmember $71.

Members are asked to include their membership

control number or a label from their QST when

applying.

Features

3 The ARRL 500-kHz Experiment: WD2XSH

By Frederick H. “Fritz” Raab, W1FR

12 Voltage-Magnitude Impedance Measurement

By F. N. Eddy

20 Introduction to Class D Tuned RF Ampliﬁ cation

By Jukka Vermasvuori, OH2GF

31 High-Performance Audio Speech Low-Pass and

CW Band-Pass Filters in SVL Design

By Werner Rahe, DC8NR

40 Transmission Line Paradigm

By Richard F. Thompson, W3ODJ

45 Microsoft Excel for Antenna Modeling

By Brian B. Turner, K2SJM

Columns

52 Antenna Options

58 Upcoming Conferences

59 Letters

62 Next Issue

In order to ensure prompt delivery, we ask that

you periodically check the address information

on your mailing label. If you ﬁ nd any inaccura-

cies, please contact the Circulation Department

immediately. Thank you for your assistance.

Jul/Aug 2007 QEX Advertising Index

League Inc. For permission to quote or reprint

material from QEX or any ARRL publication,

send a written request including the issue date

(or book title), article, page numbers and a

description of where you intend to use the

reprinted material. Send the request to the

ofﬁ ce of the Publications Manager

( permission@arrl.org ).

American Radio Relay League: 44, 62, 64

Array Solutions: 39, Cov III

Atomic Time: 44

Communications Specialists, Inc: 19

Down East Microwave Inc: 11

Elkins Marine Training International: 57

Kenwood Communications: Cov IV

National RF, Inc: 39

Naval Explosive Ordinance Disposal

Tech Div.: 63

Nemal Electronics International, Inc: 39

Teri Software: 39

Tokyo Hy-Power Labs, Inc: Cov II

Tucson Amateur Packet Radio: 30

Jul/Aug 2007 1

By L. B. Cebik, W4RNL

THE AMERICAN RADIO

RELAY LEAGUE

Empirical Outlook

Doug Smith, KF6DX

kf6dx@arrl.org

The American Radio Relay League, Inc, is a

noncommercial association of radio amateurs,

organized for the promotion of interest in

Amateur Radio communication and experimenta-

tion, for the establishment of networks to provide

communications in the event of disasters or other

emergencies, for the advancement of the radio art

and of the public welfare, for the representation of

the radio amateur in legislative matters, and for

the maintenance of fraternalism and a high

standard of conduct.

ARRL is an incorporated association without

capital stock chartered under the laws of the state

of Connecticut, and is an exempt organization

under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue

Code of 1986. Its affairs are governed by a Board

of Directors, whose voting members are elected

every three years by the general membership. The

ofﬁ cers are elected or appointed by the Directors.

The League is noncommercial, and no one who

could gain ﬁ nancially from the shaping of its

affairs is eligible for membership on its Board.

“Of, by, and for the radio amateur,” ARRL

numbers within its ranks the vast majority of active

amateurs in the nation and has a proud history of

achievement as the standard-bearer in amateur

affairs.

A bona ﬁ de interest in Amateur Radio is the only

essential qualiﬁ cation of membership; an Amateur

Radio license is not a prerequisite, although full

voting membership is granted only to licensed

amateurs in the US.

Membership inquiries and general corres-

pondence should be addressed to the

administrative headquarters:

Rights and Responsibilities

Many view the rights guaranteed under

the First Amendment to our Constitution in

the USA to freedom of speech and freedom

of the press as absolute. They’re not and our

Supreme Court has consistently ruled that

to be so.

Most First Amendment cases involve a

clash between an individual or group and a

government agency or ofﬁ cial. That situa-

tion arises from the wording of the Amend-

ment itself: “Congress shall make no law

abridging…” as it begins. It is a negative

check on federal power over freedom of ex-

pression that the Court has broadened over

the years to include state and local govern-

ments, as well.

You can no more falsely yell, “Fire!” in

a crowded theater than you can utter words

on a street corner that incite a riot. Defama-

tory statements made over the radio are li-

belous and are not protected, as allegedly

demonstrated recently by Don Imus and

others. Political parody and other satirical

remarks, however, are protected and must

be viewed in context, which is not always

easy or pleasant.

To show the ﬂ exibility of the “…make

no law…” clause, the famous “Pentagon

Papers” case in 1971 comes to mind. Dur-

ing oral arguments, Solicitor General Erwin

Griswold, arguing for the United States,

looked up at Justice Hugo Black — who

was known as a First Amendment abso-

lutist — and said, “You say that ‘no law’

means ‘no law,’ and that should be obvious.”

Black dryly replied, “I rather thought that.”

Griswold continued, “And I can only say,

Mr. Justice, that to me it is equally obvious

that ‘no law’ does not mean ‘no law.’ And I

would seek to persuade the Court that that

is true.”

In that case, Griswold did not persuade

the Court to allow the government to block

further publication of the secret history of

the Vietnam War. But in countless other

cases, the Supreme Court has recognized

— and often crafted — exceptions to the

‘no law’ mandate of the First Amendment.

Government may “accommodate” the inter-

ests of religious groups; it may penalize or

punish the “free exercise” of religious prac-

tices such as polygamy or use of peyote; it

may punish speech that incites “imminent

lawless action” (such as inciting that riot)

or that constitutes “ﬁ ghting words;” it may

criminalize obscenity and provide liquidat-

ed damages for libel; it may censor certain

publications; and it may impose “time, place

and manner” limitations on public assembly

and demonstrations.

Amateur Radio has a long and beautiful

history of promoting national and interna-

tional goodwill by giving us the opportunity

to make new friends. Yet the rules, by inter-

national agreement, say: “Transmissions to

a different country, where permitted, shall

be limited to communications incidental to

the purposes of the amateur service and to

remarks of a personal character.” We’re also

limited by the above-listed precedents that

establish the boundaries of our free speech

rights. Nonetheless, we must rededicate our-

selves to that one founding purpose that is

so important. Because we’re free to move

around the bands, we must conduct our-

selves as ladies and gentlemen and some-

times yield, even when it’s inconvenient;

sometimes apologize; and sometimes give

thanks. After all, we do have mutual inter-

ests at heart.

Every ham should learn and follow The

Amateur’s Code , originally written by Paul

M. Segal, W9EEA, in 1928. It’s reproduced

here from the 2007 edition of The ARRL

Handbook :

The Radio Amateur is:

CONSIDERATE…never knowingly op-

erates in such a way as to lessen the pleasure

of others.

LOYAL…offers loyalty, encouragement

and support to other amateurs, local clubs

and the American Radio Relay League,

through which Amateur Radio in the United

States is represented nationally and interna-

tionally.

PROGRESSIVE…with knowledge

abreast of science, a well-built and efﬁ cient

station and operation above reproach.

FRIENDLY…slow and patient operating

when requested; friendly advice and counsel

to the beginner; kindly assistance, coopera-

tion and consideration for the interests of

others. These are the hallmarks of the ama-

teur spirit.

BALANCED…radio is an avocation,

never interfering with duties owed to fam-

ily, job, school or community.

PATRIOTIC…station and skill always

ready for service to country and commu-

nity.

The moral of the story? It’s that what we

communicate is perhaps as important or

more important than how we communicate

it.

ARRL, 225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111 USA.

Telephone: 860-594-0200

FAX: 860-594-0259 (24-hour direct line)

Ofﬁ cers

President: JOEL HARRISON, W5ZN

528 Miller Rd, Judsonia, AR 72081

Chief Executive Ofﬁ cer: DAVID SUMNER, K1ZZ

The purpose of QEX is to:

1) provide a medium for the exchange of ideas

and information among Amateur Radio experiment-

ers,

2) document advanced technical work in the

Amateur Radio ﬁ eld, and

3) support efforts to advance the state of the

Amateur Radio art.

All correspondence concerning QEX should be ad-

dressed to the American Radio Relay League,

225 Main Street, Newington, CT 06111 USA.

Envelopes containing manuscripts and letters for

publication in QEX should be marked Editor, QEX.

Both theoretical and practical technical articles

are welcomed. Manuscripts should be submitted in

word-processor format, if possible. We can redraw

any ﬁ gures as long as their content is clear.

Photos should be glossy, color or black-and-white

prints of at least the size they are to appear in

QEX or high-resolution digital images (300 dots per

inch or higher at the printed size). Further

information for authors can be found on the Web at

www.arrl.org/qex/ or by e-mail to qex@arrl.org .

Any opinions expressed in QEX are those of

the authors, not necessarily those of the Editor or the

League. While we strive to ensure all material

is technically correct, authors are expected to

defend their own assertions. Products mentioned

are included for your information only; no

endorsement is implied. Readers are cautioned to

verify the availability of products before sending

money to vendors.

2 Jul/Aug 2007

The ARRL 500-kHz

Experiment: WD2XSH

Twenty-one radio amateurs begin exploration of a historic part

of the radio spectrum.

Frederick H. “Fritz” Raab, W1FR

Introduction

The ﬁ rst International Wireless Telegraph

Convention, held in Berlin on November 3,

1906, designated 500 kHz as the maritime

international distress frequency. This same

convention also designated “SOS” to replace

“CQD” as the distress signal.

For nearly 100 years, the “600-meter

band” (495 to 510 kHz) served as the primary

calling and distress frequency for maritime

communication. In the 1980s, a transition

began to the Global Maritime Distress Signal-

ing System (GMDSS), which uses UHF com-

munication via satellite. In the 1990s, most

countries ceased using and monitoring CW

communications. Today, the 600-meter band

is idle with the exception of occasional trans-

missions by historical maritime stations.

The frequencies below 1.8 MHz have

been little explored by radio amateurs since

our banishment to “200 meters and down”

in 1912. The 600-meter band is located near

the geometric mean of the 2200-m (137 kHz)

and 160-m (1.8 MHz) amateur bands. See

Figure 1. This band is of interest to radio

amateurs for quite a number of reasons:

• Ultra-reliable emergency communications

via ground wave,

• Unique propagation and noise environ-

ment, and

• Experimental work with antennas, modula-

tion, and signal processing.

The WD2XSH experimental license allows

a group of 21 amateurs to begin exploration

of this unique part of the spectrum, possibly

paving the way for a future amateur band. The

two key objectives of the license are:

• Demonstration of noninterference with

other services, and

• Experimentation with regional ground-

wave communication.

Naturally, the participants also want to

determine what kind of DX can be achieved

using both normal CW and QRSS, and this

will add further to our understanding of the

capabilities of this band. [QRSS is very slow

speed CW, designed to by copied using a

computer program. — Ed .]

natural disasters. As Katrina demonstrated,

natural disasters can destroy or render inop-

erative most of, or the entire normal commu-

nication infrastructure (land-line telephone,

cell phone, land mobile). Amateur radio is

a “distributed system” that does not depend

upon ﬁ xed infrastructure, hence it is well

suited to providing post-disaster communi-

cations. Luckily, following Katrina the Sun

was not having an “event,” the ionosphere

was behaving, and HF communications

worked well.

Ground-wave (also called “surface-

wave”) propagation at low and medium

frequencies can provide reliable communi-

cation over signiﬁ cant ranges. Ground-wave

signals propagate along the surface of the

Earth. Such communication is omnidi-

rectional and continuous, and is therefore

well-suited for “party-line” communication

among all terminals in a network. Since the

ground-wave signal is not dependent upon

the ionosphere, communications based upon

ground waves are not interruptable by solar

events (sunspots, solar storms, coronal mass

ejection) or a high-altitude nuclear detonation

that disturb the ionosphere. A recent burst of

solar activity (November 2003) produced sig-

niﬁ cant aurora and disrupted HF ionospheric

communication for several days.

240 Staniford Rd

Burlington, VT 05408

f.raab@ieee.org

Ground-Wave Communication

Amateur Radio has proven its value to

society by providing communication in the

aftermath of Hurricane Katrina and other

QX0707-Raab01

600

I N

I I I I I I

0.1

100

1000

ƒ, MHz

I = I

nternational

N = National

600 = 600 Meters

Figure 1 — Amateur bands.

Jul/Aug 2007 3

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