C64_Programmer's_Reference_Guide.pdf

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COMMODORE 64[
PROGRAMMER1S
REFERENCE GUIDE
Published by
Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
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First Edition
Eleventh Printing - 1984
Copyright © 1982 by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This manual is copyrighted and contains proprietary information. No part of this publica­
tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES, Inc.
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ix
•
What ' s Included? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
•
How to Use This Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. xi
Commodore 64 Applications Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XII
•
•
Commodore Information Network ....................... xvii
1. BASIC PROGRAMMING RULES
1
2
2
2
4
4
7
8
9
10
10
12
J3
15
16
17
18
18
18
22
24
•
Introduction ....................................... .
•
Screen Display Codes (BASIC Character Set) ............ .
The Operating System (OS) ........................ .
•
Programming Numbers and Variables ................. .
Integer, Floating-Point and String Constants .......... .
Integer, Floating-Point and String Variables .......... .
Integer, Floating-Point and String Arrays ............ .
•
Expressions and Operators ........................... .
Arithmetic Expressions ............................. .
Arithmetic Operations ............................. .
Relational Operators ............................. .
Logical Operators ................................ .
Hierarchy of Operations ........................... .
String Operations ................................ .
String Expressions ................................ .
•
Programming Techniques ............................ .
Data Conversions ................................. .
Using the INPUT Statement ........................ .
Using the GET Statement ...........................
How to Crunch BASIC Programs .................... .
2. BASIC LANGUAGE VOCABULARY ................. .
•
Introduction ....................................... .
29
30
31
35
93
94
•
BASIC Keywords, Abbreviations, and Function Types
•
Description of BASIC Keywords (Alphabetical) .......... .
•
The Commodore 64 Keyboard and Features ............ .
•
Screen Editor ...................................... .
iii
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3. PROGRAMING GRAPHICS ON THE
COMODORE 64 .................................. 99
•
Graphics Overview ........ . ......................... 100
Character Display Modes ..................... . ..... 100
Bit Map Modes ................................... 100
Sprites .......................................... 100
•
Graphics locations .................................. 101
Video Bank Selection ................... . .......... 101
Screen Memory ............................. . ..... 102
Color Memory .................................... 103
Character Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
•
Standard Character Mode ............................ 107
Character Definitions .............................. 107
•
Programmable Characters ............................ 108
•
Multi-Color Mode Graphics ........................ .. 115
Multi-Color Mode Bit .............................. 115
•
Extended Background Color Mode ..................... 120
•
Bit Mapped Graphics ................................ 121
Standard High-Resolution Bit Map Mode .............. 122
How It Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
•
Multi-Color Bit Map Mode ............... .. ........... 127
•
Smooth Scrolling .................................. . . 128
•
Sprites ............................................ 131
Deining a Sprite ................................. 131
Sprite Pointers .......... . ......................... 133
Turning Sprites On ................................ 134
Turning Sprites Off ............... . ..... . .......... 135
Colors .................................... . ...... 135
Multi-Color Mode ................................. 135
Setting a Sprite to Multi-Color Mode ................. 136
Expanded Sprites 136
Sprite Positioning ................................. 137
Sprite Positioning Summary ......................... 143
Sprite Display Priorities ............................ 144
Collision Detects .................................. 144
•
Other Graphics Features ............................. 150
Screen Blanking .................................. 150
Raster Register .................................... 150
Interrupt Status Register ............................ 151
Suggested Screen and Character Color Combinations ... 152
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