Encyclopedia of American Business History.pdf

Encyclopedia of

american business history

V OLUME I

CHARLES R. GEISST

Encyclopedia of American Business History

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Geisst, Charles R.

Encyclopedia of American business history / Charles R. Geisst.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8160-4350-7 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. United States—Commerce—History—

Encyclopedias. 2. Business enterprises—United States—History—Encyclopedias. 3. Indus-

tries—United States—History—Encyclopedias. I. Title.

HF3021.G44 2005

338.0973’03—dc22 2005003309

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Text design by Cathy Rincon

Cover design by Cathy Rincon

Illustrations by Sholto Ainslie

Printed in the United States of America

VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

CONTENTS

VOLUME I

CONTRIBUTORS iv

LIST OF ENTRIES vi

INTRODUCTION ix

ENTRIES A–M 1

VOLUME II

ENTRIES N–Z 293

CHRONOLOGY 491

SELECTED PRIMARY DOCUMENTS 495

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY 565

INDEX 569

CONTRIBUTORS*

J AMES B ARTH , Auburn University

J ONATHAN B EAN , Southern Illinois University

M ANSEL G. B LACKFORD , Ohio State University

H OWARD B ODENHORN , Lafayette College

E. N. B RANDT , Michigan

M ARCELO B UCHELI , Stanford University

M ARTIN C AMPBELL -K ELLY , Warwick University,

England

A NN C ARLOS , University of Colorado

R OBERT J. C HANDLER , Wells Fargo Historical

Services

A LBERT C HURELLA , Ohio State University, Lima

D ANIEL C. C LARK , Oakland University

J AMES W. C ORTADA , IBM Corporation

M ACEO D AILY , University of Texas at El Paso

R ENE DE L A P EDRAJA , Canisius College

J EAN D ERMINE , INSEAD Fountainbleau, France

A LEXANDER J. F IELD , Santa Clara University

W ILLIAM F RASER , University of Florida

J OHN F REDRIKSEN , independent scholar

A NDREA G ABOR , Baruch College

M ARGARET A. G EISST , Budd, Larner, P.C., Short

Hills, N.J.

D ONALD G. G ODFREY , Arizona State University

L EE G RADY , Wisconsin Historical Society

H. R OGER G RANT , Clemson University

J EFFREY E. G RELL , Leonard, Street & Deinard

P ETER Z. G ROSSMAN , Butler University

W AYNE G ROVE , Syracuse University

T HOMAS H ARKINS , Duke University

P AUL H ARRISON , Brandeis University

D IANA H ENRIQUES , New York Times

J ENNIFER H OLMES , University of Texas, Dallas

R OGER H OROWITZ , Hagley Museum and Library

H ERBERT H OVENKAMP , University of Iowa College

of Law

L AWRENCE H UGGINS , Manhattan College

R OBERT J ACKSON , State University of New York,

Oneonta

S USAN J OHNSON , Ohio State University

I RVING K ATZ , Indiana University

A USTIN K. K ERR , Ohio State University

L EE K ORINS , University of Northern Colorado

P AUL L AGASSE , Baltimore, Maryland

P AUL J. L E B LANC , La Roche College

T IMOTHY J. L E C AIN , Montana State University,

Bozeman

F RANK L EWIS , Queens University, Canada

J AMIE L EWIS , Forest History Society

F IONA M ACLACHLAN , Manhattan College

N IKKI M ANDELL , University of Wisconsin,

Whitewater

V ICTOR M ATHESON , College of the Holy Cross

A JAY K. M EHROTRA , University of Chicago

M ARY M ICHEL , Manhattan College

S HARON A NN M URPHY , University of Virginia

M ICHAEL N AMORATO , University of Mississippi

R OGER O LIEN , University of Texas at the Permian

Basin

S TEVE P EREZ , California State University,

Sacramento

R ONNIE J. P HILLIPS , Colorado State University

P AUL H. R AKES , West Virginia University

Institute of Technology

J ONATHAN R EES , Colorado State University, Pueblo

P RISCILLA R OBERTS , University of Hong Kong

* Articles not specifically credited to a contributor were written by Charles Geisst.

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