civil law-1) legal system developed from Roman codified law, established by a state for its regulation
2)area of the law concerned with non-criminal matters rights and remedies
common law, case law, judge-made law -legal system which is the foundation of the legal systems of most of the English-speaking countries of the world, based on customs, usage and court decisions
criminal law, penal law-area of the law which deals with crimes and their punishments, including fines and/or imprisonment
based on-oparte na
bound by-ograniczone przez
codified-spisane
custom-zwyczaj
non-criminal
precedents-precedensy
provision-zastrzeżenia
rulings-postanowienia
last resort-ostatnia instancja
regulation-rules issued by a goverment agency to carry out the intent of the law; authorised by a statute, and generally providing more detail on a subject than the statute
ordinance-law enacted by a town, city or country government
bill-draft document before it is made into law
directive-legal device used by the EU to establish policies at the European level to be incorporated into the laws of the Member States
statut-formal written law enacted by a legislative body
statut book-zbiór ustaw
property tax-opłata od nieruchomości
overtime-nadgodziny
stipulates that-zastrzega,że
provides that-zapewnia, zastrzega, że
specifies that-określa szczegółowo
states that-stanowi
sets forth-przedstawia na piśmie
determines-określa
lays down-ustala
prescribes-opisuje
appellate court,court of appeals,appeals court-[sąd apelacyjny] this is where a case is reviewed which has already been heard in a lower court
crown court-[sąd okręgu] this is where serious criminal cases are heard by a judge and a jury in the UK
high court, supreme court- [sąd najwyższy] usually the highest court in a jurisdiction, the court of last resort
juvenile court-[sąd dla nieletnich] this is where a person under the age of 18 would be tried
lower court, court of first instance-[sąd I instancji] the court of primary jurisdiction, where a case is heard for the first time
magistrates’ court-[sąd grodzki] this is where small crimes are tried in the UK
moot court-[sąd dyskusyjny] this is where law students argue hypothetical cases
small-claims court [~kolegium] this is where cases involving a limited amount of money are handled
tribunal-a group of specially chosen people examine legal problems of a particular type, such as employment disputes
judge-public official who has the authority to hear and decide cases
claimant (plaintiff ,US)-[powód] person who initiates a civil lawsuit
expert witness-person who has specialized knowledge of a particular subject who is called to testify in court
appellant (also petitioner, US)-person who appeals a decision to a higher court
advocate-person who pleads cases in court
clerk-[urzędnik] employee who takes records, files papers and issues processes
bailiff-[egzekutor] officer of the court whose duties include keeping order ond assisting the judge and jurors
reasonably prudent person-[obiektywnie ostrożna osoba-hipotetyczny standard należytej ostrożności przy odszkodowaniach ze szkody nieumyślnej] hypothetical person who uses good judgment or common sense in handling practical matters; such a person’s actions are the guide in determining whether an individual’s actions were reasonable
defendant,respondent-[pozwany] person who is sued in a civil lawsuit
affidavit-[oświadczenie pisamne pod przysięgą] a written statement that somebody makes after they have sworn officially to tell the truth, which might be used as proof in court
answer-the principal pleading by the defendant in response to a complain
brief-[streszczenie, akta sprawy] a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case
complaint-[skarga] in civil law, the first pleading filed on behalf of a plaintiff, which initiates a lawsuit, setting forth the facts on which the claim is based
injunction-[nakaz/zakaz tymczasowy] an official order from a court for a person to stop doing something
motion-[wniosek] an application to a court to obtain an order, ruling or decision
notice-[zawiadomienie] a document or set of documents containing the details about a court case
pleading-[oświadczenie stron] a formal written statement setting forth the cause of action or the defence in a case
writ-[nakaz stawiennictwa] a document informing someone that they will be involved in a legal process and instructing them what they must do
barrister-a lawyer who is qualified to plead on behalf of clients
Bar Vacational Course-in the UK, a training course which enables people who wish to become barristers and who have registered with the Inn of Court to acquire the skills and knowledge to prepare them for the specialized training of the pupilage
call to the Bar-a ceremony held at the end of this training course, when a candidate enters the profession
bar association-organisation regulating the legal profession
bar examination-in the USA, an important test taken by law-school graduates which, when passed, qualifies a person to practise law
admitted to the Bar-granted entrance to the legal profession
disbar-to compel a lawyer to stop practicing law due to an offence committed
associate-wspólnik
full partners
paralegal-pracownik kancelarii bez uprawnień
real property-agencja nieruchomości
salaried partner-wspólnik etatowy
senior partner
debtor-creditor-dłużnik, wierzyciel
solo practice sole practitioner global firm boutique firm
advise: clients, corporations, defendants
draft: contracts, decisions, law, legislation
practise: law
represent: clients, corporations, defendants
research: cases, decisions, law, legislation
et alii-i inni
exempli gratia-na przykład
id est-to jest
per se-samo przez się
sic-tak więc, zatem
ipso facto-na mocy tego faktu
inter alia-między innymi
per annum-rocznie
pro rata-proporcjonalnie
sui iuris-w sprawie
ultra vires-wykraczając poza sprawę
videlicet-to znaczy
Romaniek