Charged Particle Beams - S. Humphries.pdf - Radiation protection and medical physics - Ana-belle

Charged Particle Beams

Stanley Humphries, Jr.

Department of Electrical and Computer

Engineering

University of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Originally published in1990 by John Wiley and Sons (QC786.H86 1990, ISBN 0-471-

of translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Section 107 or 108 of the

1976 United States Copyright Act without the permission of the copyright owner is

unlawful. Requests for permission or further information should be addressed to Field

Precision, Attn: Stanley Humphries, PO Box 13595, Albuquerque, NM 87192.

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Charged Particle Beams

Preface

________

Charged Particle Beams is the product of a two-term course sequence that I taught on

accelerator technology and beam physics at the University of New Mexico and at Los Alamos

National Laboratory. The material for the two terms was divided into the dynamics of single

charged particles and the description of large groups of particles (the collective behavior of

beams). A previous book, Principles of Charged Particle Acceleration (available on the

Internet at http://www.fieldp.com/cpa/cpa.html) covered single particle topics such as linear

transfer matrices and the operation of accelerators. The new book is an introduction to charged-

particle-beam physics.

In writing Charged Particle Beams my goal was to create a unified description that would be

useful to a broad audience: accelerator designers, accelerator users, industrial engineers, and

physics researchers. I organized the material to provide beginning students with the background

to understand advanced literature and to use accelerators effectively. This book can serve as an

independent reference. Combining Charged Particle Beams with Principles of Charged

Particle Acceleration gives a programmed introduction to the field of particle acceleration. I

began my research on particle beams with a background in plasma physics. This change in

direction involved a difficult process of searching for material, learning from experts, and

seeking past insights. Although I found excellent advanced references on specialized areas, no

single work covered the topics necessary to understand high-power accelerators and

high-brightness beams. The difficulties I faced encouraged me to write Charged Particle

Beams . The book describes the basic ideas behind modern beam applications such as stochastic

cooling, high-brightness injectors and the free-electron laser.

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Charged Particle Beams

I was fortunate to have abundant help creating this book. Richard Cooper of Los Alamos

National Laboratory applied his proofreading ability to the entire manuscript. In additional to

mechanical corrections, his suggestions on technical points and emphasis were invaluable. The

creation of this book was supported in part by a sabbatical leave from the Department of

Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico. David Woodall. former

Chairman of the Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering at the University of New

Mexico, suggested the idea of the accelerator course sequence. I am grateful for his support

during the development of the courses.

Several people contributed advice on specific sections of the book. Commentators included

Kevin O'Brien of Sandia National Laboratories, John Creedon of Physics International

Company, Brendan Godfrey of the Air Force Weapons Laboratory, Edward Lee of Lawrence

Berkeley Laboratory, William Herrmannsfeldt of the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, and

Carl Ekdahl of Los Alamos National Laboratory. I would also like to thank A. V. Tollestrup of

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory for permission to paraphrase his article (coauthored by

G. Dugan) on Elementary Stochastic Cooling .

I want to express appreciation to the students in my beam physics course at the University of

New Mexico and at the Los Alamos Graduate Center. Through their contributions, I clarified and

expanded the material over several years. Los Alamos National Laboratory supported the

courses since their inception. I want to thank Robert Jameson and Alan Wadlinger of the

Accelerator Technology Division for their encouragement. The efforts of the Instructional

Television Center of UNM made it feasible to present classes at Los Alamos. I have also taught

the material in short course format. I am grateful to Thomas Roberts and Stanley Pruett for

organizing a course at the Strategic Defense Command.

Several accelerator science groups helped in the development of material for the book. I have

worked closely with the Heavy Ion Fusion Accelerator Research Group at Lawrence Berkeley

Laboratory for several years. I want to thank Henry Rutkowski, Thomas Fessenden, Denis Keefe

and Edward Lee for their suggestions on the book and for providing the opportunity to work in

the field of accelerator inertial fusion. The long-term support of Charles Roberson of the Office

of Naval Research has been critical for accelerator research at the University of New Mexico.

The University has also received generous research support from Groups CLS-7 and P-14 of the

Los Alamos National Laboratory. I am grateful to Roger Bangerter and the late Kenneth Riepe

who initiated the UNM program on vacuum arc plasma sources. I would also like to thank Carl

Ekdahl – much of the material in this book evolved from spirited discussions on high-current

beam physics.

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Charged Particle Beams

During the composition of this book, I had the opportunity to participate in several research

programs on high-power accelerators. I would like to thank Ralph Genuario and George

Fraser of Physics International Company, Sidney Putnam of Pulse Sciences Incorporated, Robert

Meger of the Naval Research Laboratory, Martin Nahemow of the Westinghouse Research and

Development Center, Richard Adler of North Star Research Corporation, Daniel Sloan of

CH2M-Hill, Kenneth Moses of Jaycor, and R. Bruce Miller of Titan Technologies. I would like

to acknowledge two meetings that I attended during the creation of the book. The first is the

NATO Workshop on High Brightness Beams in Pitlochry, Scotland. I express my appreciation to

Anthony Hyder for organizing this workshop. I have particularly enjoyed participating in the

U.S. Particle Accelerator Schools organized by Melvin Month.

Finally, I would to thank John Wiley and Sons Incorporated for graciously reverting the

STANLEY HUMPHRIES, JR.

Albuquerque, New Mexico

November 2002

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Charged Particle Beams

Contents

________

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Charged particle beams

1.2. Methods and organization

1.3. Single-particle dynamics

2. Phase space description of charged particle beams

2.1. Particle trajectories in phase space

2.2. Distribution functions

2.3. Numerical calculation of particle orbits with beam-generated forces

2.4. Conservation of phase space volume

2.5. Density and average velocity

2.6. Maxwell distribution

2.7. Collisionless Boltzmann equation

2.8. Charge and current density

2.9. Computer simulations

2.10. Moment equations

2.11. Pressure force in collisionless distributions

2.12. Relativistic particle distributions

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Charged Particle Beams - S. Humphries.pdf

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