A-Grammar-of-Contemporary-Polish.pdf

A G RAMMAR OF

C ONTEMPORARY P OLISH

O SCAR E. S WAN

Bloomington, Indiana, 2002

Technical Editors: Jennifer J. Day, Andrea Rossing McDowell

ISBN: 0-89357-296-9

Slavica Publishers

[Tel.] 1-812-856-4186

Indiana University

[Toll-free] 1-877- SLAVICA

2611 E. 10th St.

[Fax] 1-812-856-4187

Bloomington, IN 47408-2603

[Email] slavica@indiana.edu

USA

[www] http://www.slavica.com/

Contents

Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................

Preface ........................................................................................................................

Polish and Poland .....................................................................................................

Abbreviations ............................................................................................................

1. Sounds, Spelling, and Pronunciation ..............................................................

2. Morphophonemics (Sound Changes) ...........................................................

3. Feminine-Gender Noun Declension .............................................................

4. Masculine-Gender Noun Declension ............................................................

5. Neuter-Gender and Plural-Only Noun Declension ..................................

112

6. Adjectives and Adjectival Adverbs .............................................................

126

7. Pronouns, Pronominal Adjectives, and Pro-Adverbs ..............................

153

8. Numerals ........................................................................................................

189

9. Present Tense and Imperative ......................................................................

215

10. Past Tense, Compound Future Tense, Conditional, Modals ...................

245

11. Verbal Aspect .................................................................................................

269

12. Participles, Verbal Nouns, and Grammatical Voice .................................

298

13. Uses of the Cases ............................................................................................

327

14. Simple Sentence Syntax ................................................................................

374

Glossary of Grammatical Terms .........................................................................

424

Some Polish Grammatical Terms ........................................................................

439

Index of Words Cited in a Grammatical Context .............................................

441

Subject Index ..........................................................................................................

486

Preface

This present work grew out of the first two editions of the author’s more

modest and now out-of-print Concise Grammar of Polish . The overall length of

this work in its new form ruled out the continuation of the original title.This

reference grammar is primarily intended for English-speaking learners of

Polish. It is a practical grammar, designed to facilitate the learning of forms

and to explain their uses in a way that will be accessible to the non-specialist.

At the same time, this book aims to be a fairly complete and reliable technical

guide to the rules, regularities, and principles which underpin Polish

grammar, taking into account important exceptions and irregularities. No

attempt is made to simplify or gloss over matters which are in actuality

complex, as many matters of Polish grammar are. The aim is to present

complex things as simply as possible, and not to make simple things seem

more complex than they are in actuality. A special attempt has been made to

describe facts relating to the social implementation of grammatical forms, a

point of view which is often inadequately represented in grammars of Polish

written by Poles, for whom such matters may seem obvious.

Working on the present version of this book has given me a renewed

appreciation for how nothing of this nature can ever aim at being a complete

description. Something as simple as the description of use of a single

preposition like w in, to do it justice, could be continued for pages and pages.

I have tried to be sensible as to the point of cut-off of various discussions,

using my best judgment both as to where a potential user’s interest naturally

wanes, and as to what can realistically be accomplished by a written

description of living language phenomena.

In my work on this book, I am indebted to nearly every Polish speaker

with whom I have ever come into contact. I know of no country more

linguistically friendly to foreigners than Poland, and no body of speakers

more linguistically astute and willing to help one learn their language than

the Poles.

Oscar E. Swan

Pittsburgh, 2002

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