jazykova-prirucka-stredni-eu.pdf

Central Europe

Denmark

Sweden

North Sea

Lithuania

Gdańsk

Kaliningrad

(Russia)

Great

Britain

Hamburg

Belarus

Netherlands

POLAND

Berlin

Poznań

Warsaw

Düsseldorf

GERMANY

Łódź

Belgium

Cologne

Leipzig

Wrocław

Dresden

LUXEMBOURG

Luxembourg

Prague

Kraków

Ukraine

Plzeň

Ostrava

CZECH

REPUBLIC

Brno

Stuttgart

SLOVAKIA

Preov

Strasbourg

Koice

France

Munich

Nitra

Vienna

Linz

Salzburg

Miskolc

Bratislava

LIECHTENSTEIN

Moldova

Bern

Zurich

Innsbruck

Győr

Debrecen

AUSTRIA

Budapest

SWITZERLAND

Vaduz

Klagenfurt

Graz

HUNGARY

Maribor

SLOVENIA

Szeged

Celje

Pécs

Romania

Ljubljana

Koper

Croatia

250 km

150 mi

Italy

Serbia

Bosnia and

Hercegovina

Monaco

Czech

German

Hungarian

Polish

Slovak

Slovene

Note: Language areas are approximate only.

For more details see the relevant introduction.

EURO P E

central europe – at a glance

One of the rewarding things about travelling through Central Europe is the rich vari-

ety of cuisine, customs, architecture and history. The flipside of course is that you’ll

encounter a number of very different languages. Most languages spoken in Central

Europe belong to what’s known as the Indo-European language family, believed to

have originally developed from one language spoken thousands of years ago.

German belongs to the Germanic branch of the Indo European language fam-

ily and is quite closely related to English. You should find that many basic words in

German are similar to English words. The Slavic languages originated north of the

Carpathians and are now divided into Eastern, Western and Southern subgroups.

Czech, Slovak and Polish all belong to the Western subgroup of the Slavic language

family, while Slovene belongs to the Southern subgroup. Fortunately, (for travel-

lers at least), all these Central European Slavic languages are written in the Latin

alphabet. Hungarian is something of a linguistic oddity within Europe. Though clas-

sified as a member of the Finno-Ugric language group, making it a distant relative of

Finnish, it has no other significant similarities to any other language in Europe – or

the world for that matter.

did you know?

The European Union (EU) was established by the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. It

developed from the European Economic Community, founded by the Treaty of

Rome in 1957. Since the 2004 enlargement, it has 25 member states and 20

official languages.

The EU flag is a circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background – the number 12

representing wholeness.

The EU anthem is the ‘Ode to Joy ’ from Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony.

Europe Day, 9 May, commemorates the 1950 declaration by French Foreign

Minister Robert Schuman which marked the creation of the European Union.

The euro has been in circulation since E-Day, 1 January 2002. The euro’s symbol

(€) was inspired by the Greek letter epsilon (Ƨ) – Greece being the cradle of Euro-

pean civilisation and Ƨ being the first letter of the word ‘Europe’.

The Eurovision Song Contest, held each May, has been running since 1956. For

the larger part of the competition’s history, the performers were only allowed

to sing in their country’s national language, but that’s no longer the case.

chapter is not digitally restricted. In return, we think it’s fair to ask you to

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way of saying the above - ‘Do the right thing with our content.’

German

GERMAN

deutsch

german alphabet

A a

B b

C c

tse

D d

E e

F f

G g

H h

I i

J j

yot

introduction

K k

L l

M m

N n

O o

Romantic, flowing, literary … not usually how German ( Deutsch doytsh ) is described,

but maybe it’s time to reconsider. After all, this is the language that’s played a major

role in the history of Europe and remains one of the most widely spoken languages

on the continent. It’s taught throughout the world and chances are you’re already

familiar with a number of German words that have entered English – kindergarten ,

kitsch and hamburger , for example, are all of German origin.

German is spoken by around 100 million people, and is the official language of

Germany, Austria and Liechtenstein, as well as one of the official languages of Bel-

gium, Switzerland and Luxembourg. German didn’t spread across the rest of the

world with the same force as English, Spanish or French. Germany only became a

unified nation in 1871 and never established itself as a colonial power. After the

reunification of East and West Germany, however, German has become more impor-

tant in global politics and economics. Its role in science has long been recognised and

German literature lays claim to some of the most famous written works ever printed.

Just think of the enormous influence of Goethe, Nietzsche, Freud and Einstein.

German is usually divided into two forms – Low German ( Plattdeutsch plat·d oytsh )

and High German ( Hochdeutsch hokh· doytsh ). Low German is an umbrella term used

for the dialects spoken in Northern Germany. High German is considered the standard

form and is understood throughout German-speaking communities, from the Swiss

Alps to the cosy cafés of Vienna; it’s also the form used in this phrasebook.

Both German and English belong to the West Germanic language family, along

with a number of other languages including Dutch and Yiddish. The primary reason

why German and English have grown apart is that the Normans, on invading Eng-

land in 1066, brought with them a large number of non-Germanic words. As well as

the recognisable words, the grammar of German will also make sense to an English

speaker. Even with a slight grasp of German grammar, you’ll still manage to get your

point across. On the other hand, German tends to join words together (while Eng-

lish uses a number of separate words) to express a single notion. You shouldn’t be

intimidated by this though – after a while you’ll be able to tell parts of words and

recognising ‘the Football World Cup qualifying match’ hidden within Fussballwelt-

meisterschaftsqualifikationsspiel won’t be a problem at all!

P p

Q q

R r

S s

T t

U u

V v

fau

W w

X x

iks

Y y

ewp ·si·lon

Z z

tset

german

250 km

150 mi

Denmark

BALTIC

SEA

NORTH SEA

Rostock

Bremen

Hamburg

Netherlands

Hannover

Berlin

Essen

Dortmund

Poland

Düsseldorf

BELGIUM

Cologne

Leipzig

Dresden

GERMANY

LUXEMBOURG

Frankfurt

Luxembourg

Czech

Republic

Strasbourg

Stuttgart

France

Slovakia

Munich

Vienna

Linz

Salzburg

LIECHTENSTEIN

Bern

Zurich

Vaduz

Innsbruck

AUSTRIA

SWITZERLAND

Klagenfurt

Graz

Hungary

Italy

Slovenia

Croatia

pronunciation

consonant sounds

vowel sounds

All German consonant sounds exist in English except for the kh and r sounds. The kh

sound is generally pronounced at the back of the throat, like the ‘ch’ in ‘Bach’ or the

Scottish ‘loch’. The r sound is pronounced at the back of the throat, almost like saying

g , but with some friction, a bit like gargling.

German vowels can be short or long, which influences the meaning of words. They’re

pronounced crisply and distinctly, so Tee (tea) is tey , not tey ·ee .

symbol

english

equivalent

german

example

transliteration

symbol

english

equivalent

german

example

transliteration

b ed

B ett

b et

r u n

h a t

ch eat

Tsch üss

ch ews

f a ther

h a be

h aa ·be

d og

d ein

d ain

ai sle

m ei n

m ai n

f at

v ier

f eer

air

f air

B ä r

b air

g o

g ehen

g ey ·en

s aw

B oo t

b aw t

h at

h elfen

h el ·fen

b e t

M ä nn e r

m e ·n e r

k it

k ein

k ain

s ee

fl ie gen

fl ee ·gen

lo ch

i ch

i kh

n u rse

sch ö n

sh eu n

l ot

l aut

l owt

ee pronounced

with rounded lips

zur ü ck

tsu· r ew k

m an

M ann

m an

as in ‘b e t’, but

longer

l e ben

l ey ·ben

n ot

n ei n

n ai n

ri ng

si ng en

zi ng ·en

h i t

m i t

p et

P reis

p rais

p o t

K o ffer

k o ·fer

r un (throaty) R eise

r ai ·ze

z oo

Sch uh e

sh oo ·e

s un

hei ß

hai s

n ow

H au s

h ow s

sh ot

sch ön

sh eun

t oy

L eu te, H äu ser

l oy ·te, h oy ·zer

t op

T ag

t aak

p u t

u nter

u n ·ter

hi ts

Z eit

ts ait

word stress

v ery

w ohnen

v aw ·nen

y es

j a

y aa

Almost all German words are pronounced with stress on the first syllable. While this

is a handy rule of thumb, you can always rely on the coloured pronunciation guides,

which show the stressed syllables in italics.

z ero

s itzen

z i ·tsen

plea s ure

Gara g e

ga· raa · zh e

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