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Ancient Greece

AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY

Marshall Cavendish

Reference

New York

Marshall Cavendish

This publication represents the opinions

and views of the authors based on personal

experience, knowledge, and research.The

information in this book serves as a general

guide only.The author and publisher have

used their best efforts in preparing this

book and disclaim liability rising directly

and indirectly from the use and application

of this book.

Published by Marshall Cavendish Reference

An imprint of Marshall Cavendish Corporation

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ancient Greece : an illustrated history.

p. cm.

Includes index.

Marshall Cavendish is a trademark of

Times Publishing Limited

ISBN 978-0-7614-9955-8 (alk. paper)

1. Greece--History--To 146 B.C. 2. Greece--Civilization--To

146 B.C.

DF215.A55 2010

938--dc22

All websites were available and accurate

when this book was sent to press.

2010002924

P HOTOGRAPHIC C REDITS

Front Cover: Shutterstock: Raimond Siebesma

(main), David H Seymour (background).

Back Cover: Shutterstock: Raimond Siebesma

(main), David H Seymour (background).

Inside: AKG: 21, 75, 92, 103, 135, 136, 148, 149, 156,

179, Andrea Baguzzi 87, 171, Pietro Baguzzi 153, Orsi

Battaglini 178, Herve Champollion 145, 170, Peter

Connolly 19, 60, 73, 157, Gerard Degeorge 102, Electa

61, Rainer Hachenberg 48, John Hios 10b, 56, 77, 97,

113, 116, Andrea Jemolo 47,Tristan Lafrancis 49, 58,

167, Erich Lessing 7, 8, 10t, 15, 16, 20, 22, 24, 25, 33, 39,

62, 67, 68, 72, 76, 78, 83, 84, 86, 89, 98, 106, 114, 117,

118, 120, 123, 127, 139, 141, 159, 165, 168, 175, 176,

Nimatallah 44, 45b, 53, 59, 105, 112, 155, 173, Jean-

Louis Nou 38, Ullstein Bild-Agelou 142; Ancient Art

and Architecture Collection: B.Wilson 82; Art

Archive: Archaelogical Museum Eretria/Gianni Dagli

Orti 42, 45t; Corbis: Barney Burstein 146, Gianni Dagli

Orti 46, Hulton-Deutsch Collection 151; Lebrecht: 37,

H. J. Shunk/Interfoto 163; Mary Evans Picture

Library: 57, 124, 150; Science Photo Library: 131;

Shutterstock: 70, Cornelie LEU 1, Elpis Ioaninidis 63,

Nikita Rogul 79, Scion 3,Valery Shanon 5, Olga

Shelego 140, Nikolas Strigins 12; Still Pictures: 126;

Superstock: Yiorgos Depollas 54; Topham: 11, 23, 27,

51, 91, 101, 104, 137, 147, 162, 172, Alinari 32, 65, 69,

81, 95, 143, 152, 177, 183, Mike Andrews 35, Ann

Ronan Picture Library/HIP 125, 128, 130, 132, Arena

PAL 93, Art Media/HIP 133, 160, British Library/HIP

34, 36, 74, 94, 100, 111, 119, 161, Fortean 129, HIP 41,

85, 90, 134, 164, Image Works 18, 107, 144, Prisma-

Vew 121, Roger-Viollet 13, 180, 181, Charles Wallker

115; Werner Forman: 71, 108, British Museum,

London 109.

Printed in Malaysia

14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5

M ARSHALL C AVENDISH

Publisher: Paul Bernabeo

Project Editor: Brian Kinsey

Production Manager: Mike Esposito

T HE B ROW N R EFERENCE G ROUP PLC

Managing Editor:Tim Harris

Designer: Lynne Lennon

Picture Researcher: Laila Torsun

Indexer: Ann Barrett

Design Manager: David Poole

Editorial Director: Lindsey Lowe

CONTENTS

Foreword

Macedon and Alexander

the Great

154

Bronze Age Greece

After Alexander

166

The Minoans

The Greek Legacy

174

Mycenae and Troy

Glossary

184

The Dark Age and

Greek Expansion

Major Historical Figures

187

Sparta and Athens

Index

188

From Tyranny to

Democracy

Greek Religion

The Birth of Drama

The Persian Wars

The Age of Pericles

110

The Great

Philosophers

122

The Peloponnesian

Wa r

138

FOREWORD

(1821), written the year before he died, the

poet Percy Bysshe Shelley declared to readers

throughout the English-speaking world that:

“We are all Greeks. Our laws, our literature, our

religion, our arts, have their root in Greece.” For

citizens of the West, Shelley’s statement is as true

now as it was then. Take, for example, the evi-

dence from our everyday language. Nouns in

common usage such as “democracy,” “tragedy,”

“odyssey,” “tyrant,” “theater,” and “poet,” as well

as the adjectives “spartan,” “stoic,” “comic,”

“olympic,” “epic,” and “platonic,” testify to the

enduring influence of the Hellenic past.

At no time in recent history have the peoples

of Europe and of Western civilization in general

been as engaged as they are today in areas of the

globe that were involved for centuries in repeat-

ed conflicts and continuous cultural exchange

with the Greeks. Scarcely a day passes in which

an event in the Near East, western Asia, or South

Asia does not make up some aspect of the daily

news cycle. Looking back to the last century, the

British invasion of Iraq during the Anglo-Iraqi

War in May 1941 marked the first time since

Alexander the Great’s siege of the island city Tyre

in 333 BCE that armed forces of any nation had

marched east from the eastern shores of the

Mediterranean Sea to the Mesopotamian city of

Babylon. That invasion occurred roughly 70

years ago. How little the world changes!

Covering the major periods of Greek histo-

ry, Ancient Greece:An Illustrated History brings the

past alive to a new generation of students and

gives them the background needed to interpret

current circumstances. Such background is sore-

ly needed, for the past has always served as the

prologue to the future. Beginning with a survey

of Stone Age culture from the Paleolithic era and

a study of the life of the island peoples inhabit-

ing Crete and the Cyclades, this book then

introduces its readers to the Bronze Age warrior

culture populated by the men and women who

were made immortal by the poet Homer in the

Iliad : Agamemnon, Helen, Hector, and Achilles,

among others.When the Mycenaean hegemony

fell apart, there followed a prolonged period of

decline, from whose ruins rose a system of city-

states such as those of Sparta, Corinth, Thebes,

and Athens. These cities in turn created eco-

nomic engines, forms of art and architecture,

structures of government, techniques of diplo-

macy, methods of warfare, and systems of philos-

ophy, religion, and law that are now applied

worldwide. The successes, failures, biases, and

shortcomings of these systems remain of great

consequence to us. The warning made by the

Greek historian Herodotus to his audience in

the fifth century BCE still pertains: the divinities

who sanction prosperity will just as frequently

destroy it.

Over time, this pan-Hellenic network of

Greek-speaking city-states absorbed and was

itself absorbed by neighboring cultures. The

network became truly multicultural as it spread

westward throughout the Mediterranean region

into Sicily, portions of Italy, southern France,

and the Iberian Peninsula, southward into Africa,

I n the preface to his lyric drama “Hellas”

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