Królowie Sparty.pdf

SPARTA (LAKEDAIMŌN)

In Mycenaean times Laconia was an area of secondary importance, in spite of the central role attributed to

Menelaos in the Illiad . According to later tradition, the Dorians, led by the descendants of Hēraklēs, invaded the

area in the third generation after the Trojan War. In the division of the spoils Laconia was assigned to

Eurysthenēs and Proklēs, the twin sons of Aristodēmos, who became the ancestors of the two lines of Spartan

kings, the Agiads and Eurypontids. But even the unrealistically long reigns assigned by the ancient

chronographers to early Spartan kings fail to reach c .1200– c .1150 BC , and the historical Trojan War had taken

place c .1250– c .1200 BC . This suggests that if there is any truth to the traditional story about the establishment

of the Hērakleid double kingship in Sparta, some five generations were omitted in the traditional genealogies.

These missing generations may well belong between the twins Eurysthenēs and Proklēs and their respective

“sons” Agis and Eurypōn, who became the actual eponyms of Sparta’s two royal houses.

Archaeological evidence suggests Sparta may not have been settled until the mid-10 th century. It is also

unclear at what point the double kingship began, and the Eurypontids may not have been co-opted into it until

the 8 th century. While the Spartans restricted the executive powers of their kings like many other Greek states,

they did not eliminate the kingship, which remained vested with important military functions. The militaristic

regimen imposed upon the Spartans in the Lykourgan constitution allowed Sparta to maintain its control over

subjected populations in Laconia and Messenia and to make itself the leader of a Peloponnesian League. From

the beginning of the 5 th century, Sparta competed with Athens in leading Greek opposition to Persian invasions

and for hegemony in Greece. After winning the long drawn-out Peloponnesian War in 404, Sparta was torn

between its desire to impose its hegemony over Greece and its promise to turn over Greek communities in Asia

Minor to the Persian Empire (the price for Persian support). In the process Sparta antagonized most Greek

states, and found itself repeatedly opposed. An anti-Spartan alliance headed by Thebes defeated Sparta in the

battles of Leuktra (371) and Mantineia (362). Deprived of its control and exploitation of Messenia, and with a

significant depletion of its full-status citizen population, Sparta sank to the status of a purely regional power. Its

refusal to join Greek alliances and leagues kept it isolated and hostile.

Spartan attempts to assert their power against Greece’s new hegemon, the kingdom of Macedon, repeatedly

backfired with heavy losses in 331 and 222. Attempts to strengthen the state by rigorous conservative reforms

under Agis IV and Kleomenēs III led to intensive civil strife and the end of the double kingship in a time of

Macedonian and Greek aggression. The true monarchy that emerged in the late 3 rd century was unable to turn

Sparta into a major power, and the kingdom perished in the inevitable conflict between Rome and the Akhaian

and Aitolian Leagues. After the murder of king Nabis in 192, Sparta was annexed by the Akhaian League,

eventually falling to Rome. Under Roman rule, Sparta benefited from imperial patronage and became something

of a theme park dedicated to its own brutal traditions.

All dates are approximate before the end of the 6 th century and are based on the average of three generations

per century, sometimes adjusted to agree with the chronological indications in Pausanias, but it should be noted

that such early Olympic dates should not be considered consistently reliable (see P.-J. Shaw 2003). Some dates of

the 3 rd -century Eurypōntids are also conjectural.

Agiad kings of Sparta

Eurysthenēs … son of Aristodēmos, son of Aristomakhos, son of Kleodaios, son of Hyllos, son

of Hēraklēs

(some 5 omitted generations?)

982–949 Agis I … son of Eurysthenēs

949–916 Ekhestratos … son of Agis I

916–883 Labōtas … son of Ekhestratos

883–850 Doryssos … son of Labōtas

850–817 Agēsilaos I … son of Doryssos

817–784 Arkhelaos … son of Agēsilaos I

784–751 Tēleklos … son of Arkhelaos

751–741 Alkamenēs … son of Tēleklos

741–685 Polydōros … son of Alkamenēs

685–652 Eurykratēs … son of Polydōros

652–619 Anaxandros … son of Eurykratēs

619–586 Eurykratidas … son of Anaxandros

586–553 Leōn … son of Eurykratidas

553–524 Anaxandridas II … son of Leōn

524–490 Kleomenēs I … son of Anaxandridas II

490–480 Leōnidas I … son of Anaxandridas II

480–458 Pleistarkhos … son of Leōnidas I by Gorgō, daughter of Kleomenēs I

458–445 Pleistoanax … son of Pausanias, son of Kleombrotos, son of Anaxandridas II; deposed

445–428 Pausanias … son of Pleistoanax; replaced

428–409 Pleistoanax … restored

409–395 Pausanias … restored; deposed, died 385:

395–380 Agēsipolis I … son of Pausanias

380–371 Kleombrotos I … son of Pausanias

371–369 Agēsipolis II … son of Kleombrotos I

369–309 Kleomenēs II … son of Kleombrotos I

309–265 Areus I … son of Akrotatos, son of Kleomenēs II

265–260 Akrotatos … son of Areus I

260–254 Areus II … son of Akrotatos

254–242 Leōnidas II … son of Kleōnymos, son of Kleomenēs II; deposed

242–241 Kleombrotos II … husband of Kheilōnis, daughter of Leōnidas II; deposed, died 241:

241–235 Leōnidas II … restored

235–219 Kleomenēs III … son of Leōnidas II 1

219–217 Agēsipolis III … son of Agēsipolis, son of Kleombrotos II; deposed, died 183

(end of the Agiad line of kings 217)

Eurypōntid kings of Sparta

Proklēs … son of Aristodēmos, son of Aristomakhos, son of Kleodaios, son of Hyllos, son of

Hēraklēs

(some 5 omitted generations?)

977–944 Soos … son of Proklēs

944–911 Euryōn … son of Soos

911–878 Prytanis … son of Eurypōn

878–845 Eunomos … son of Prytanis

845–812 Polydektēs … son of Eunomos

812–779 Kharillaos … son of Polydektēs

779–746 Nikandros … son of Kharillaos

746–713 Theopompos … son of Nikandros

713–680 Anaxandridas I … son of Theopompos

680–647 Arkhidamos I … son of Anaxandridas I

647–614 Anaxilaos … son of Arkhidamos I

614–581 Leōtykhidas I … son of Anaxilaos

581–570 Hippokratidas … son of Leōtykhidas I

570–548 Agasiklēs … son of Arkhidamos, son of Anaxidamos, son of Zeuxidamos, son of Arkhidamos,

son of Theopompos

548–515 Aristōn … son of Agasiklēs

515–491 Damaratos … son of Aristōn; deposed, died 480:

491–476 Leōtykhidas II … son of Menarēs, son of Agēsilaos, son of Hippokratidas; deposed, died 469

476–427 Arkhidamos II … son of Zeuxidamos, son of Leōtykhidas II

427–398 Agis II … son of Arkhidamos II

398–361 Agēsilaos II … son of Arkhidamos II

361–338 Arkhidamos III … son of Agēsilaos II

1 In exile 221–219, died in Egypt.

338–331 Agis III … son of Arkhidamos III

331–305 Eudamidas I … son of Arkhidamos III

305–275 Arkhidamos IV … son of Eudamidas I

275–245 Eudamidas II … son of Arkhidamos IV

245–241 Agis IV … son of Eudamidas II; deposed, died 241

241–228 Eudamidas III … son of Agis IV

228–227 Arkhidamos V … son of Eudamidas II; deposed

227–221 Eukleidas … son of the Agiad Leōnidas II

221–219 Kleomenēs III … brother of Eukleidas; sole king of Spart a 2

219–211 Lykourgos … an Eurypōntid; sole king of Sparta from 217

211–207 Pelops … son of Lykourgos

207–192 Nabis … son of Damaratos, descendant of Damaratos

192 Lakōnikos … son of (?) Armenas, son of Nabis; deposed

(to the Akhaian League 192; to the Roman Republic 146)

BASIC BIBLIOGRAPHY:

P. C ARTLEDGE , Sparta and Lakonia: A regional history 1300 to 362 BC , London, 1979.

P. C ARTLEDGE and A. S PAWFORTH , Hellenistic and Roman Sparta: A tale of two cities , London, 1989.

P.-J. S HAW , Discrepancies in Olympiad Dating and Chronological Problems of Archaic Peloponnesian History =

Historia Einzelschriften 166, Stuttgart, 2003.

2 He was in exile in Egypt during this period.

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: