McGraw-Hill - Pressure Vessels - The ASME Code Simplified.pdf - Książki techniczne EN - rajmundos9

Source: Pressure Vessels

Origin, Development,

and Jurisdiction

of the ASME Code

History of the ASME Code

On March 20, 1905, a disastrous boiler explosion occurred in a shoe fac-

tory in Brockton, Massachusetts, killing 58 persons, injuring 117 others,

and causing a quarter of a million dollars in property damage. For years

prior to 1905, boiler explosions had been regarded as either an inevitable

evil or “an act of God” (see Figs. 1.1 and 1.2). But this catastrophic acci-

dent had the effect of making the people of Massachusetts see the neces-

sity and desirability of legislating rules and regulations for the

construction of steam boilers in order to secure their maximum safety.

After much debate and discussion, the state enacted the first legal code

of rules for the construction of steam boilers in 1907. In 1908, the state

of Ohio passed similar legislation, the Ohio Board of Boiler Rules adopt-

ing, with a few changes, the rules of the Massachusetts Board.

Therefore, other states and cities in which explosions had taken

place began to realize that accidents could be prevented by the proper

design, construction, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels and

began to formulate rules and regulations for this purpose. As regula-

tions differed from state to state and often conflicted with one another,

manufacturers began to find it difficult to construct vessels for use in

one state that would be accepted in another. Because of this lack of uni-

formity, both manufacturers and users made an appeal in 1911 to the

Council of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers to correct the

situation. The Council answered the appeal by appointing a committee

“to formulate standard specifications for the construction of steam boil-

ers and other pressure vessels and for their care in service.”

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Chapter

Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of the ASME Code

2 Chapter One

Figure 1.1 The Brockton, Massachusetts, shoe factory. ( Courtesy of The Hartford Steam

Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. )

The first committee consisted of seven members, all experts in their

respective fields: one boiler insurance engineer, one material manufac-

turer, two boiler manufacturers, two professors of engineering, and one

consulting engineer. The committee was assisted by an advisory com-

mittee of 18 engineers representing various phases of design, con-

struction, installation, and operation of boilers.

Following a thorough study of the Massachusetts and Ohio rules

and other useful data, the committee made its preliminary report in

1913 and sent 2000 copies of it to professors of mechanical engineer-

ing, engineering departments of boiler insurance companies, chief

inspectors of boiler inspection departments of states and cities, man-

ufacturers of steam boilers, editors of engineering journals, and oth-

ers interested in the construction and operation of steam boilers, with

a request for suggestions of changes or additions to the proposed reg-

ulations.

After three years of countless meetings and public hearings, a final

draft of the first ASME Rules for Construction of Stationary Boilers

and For Allowable Working Pressures, known as the 1914 edition, was

adopted in the spring of 1915.

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Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of the ASME Code

Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of ASME Code 3

Figure 1.2 Shoe factory after the boiler explosion of March 20, 1905, which led to the adop-

tion of many state boiler codes and the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. ( Courtesy

of The Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company. )

Additions to the Code

Since 1914, many changes have been made and new sections added to

the Code as the need arose. The present sections are listed in the fol-

lowing order:

Section I. Power Boilers

Section II. Materials

Part A: Ferrous Material Specifications

Part B: Nonferrous Material Specifications

Part C: Specifications for Welding, Rods, Electrodes, and Filler

Metals

Part D: Properties

Section III. Rules for Construction of Nuclear Components

Subsection NCA: General Requirements for Divisions 1 and 2

Division 1

Subsection NB: Class 1 Components

Subsection NC: Class 2 Components

Subsection ND: Class 3 Components

Subsection NE: Class MC Components

Subsection NF: Supports

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Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of the ASME Code

4 Chapter One

Subsection NG: Core Support Structures

Subsection NH: Class 1 Components in Elevated Temperature

Service

Appendices

Division 2. Code for Concrete Containments

Division 3. Containment Systems for Storage and Transport

Packaging of Spent Nuclear Fuel and High Level Radioactive

Materials and Waste

Section IV. Heating Boilers

Section V. Nondestructive Examination

Section VI. Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating

Boilers

Section VII. Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers

Section VIII. Pressure Vessels

Division 1

Division 2. Alternative Rules

Division 3. Alternative Rules for Construction of High Pressure

Vessels

Section IX. Welding and Brazing Qualifications

Section X. Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels

Section XI. Rules for Inservice Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant

Components

ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee

The increase in the size of the Code reflects the progress of industry in

this country. To keep up with this spontaneous growth, constant revi-

sions have been required. The ASME Code has been kept up to date by

the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Committee (currently consisting of

more than 800 volunteer engineers and other technical professionals)

which considers the needs of the users, manufacturers, and inspectors

of boilers and pressure vessels. In the formulation of its rules for the

establishment of design and operating pressures, the Committee con-

siders materials, construction, methods of fabrication, inspection, cer-

tification, and safety devices. The ASME works closely with the

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to assure that the

resulting documents meet the ANSI criteria for publication as

American National Standards.

The members of the Committee do not represent particular organi-

zations or companies but have recognized background and experience

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Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of the ASME Code

Origin, Development, and Jurisdiction of ASME Code 5

by which they are placed in categories, which include manufacturers,

users of the products for which the codes are written, insurance

inspection, regulatory, and general. The Committee meets on a regu-

lar basis to consider requests for interpretations and revisions and

additions to Code rules as dictated by advances in technology.

Approved revisions and additions are published semiannually as

addenda to the Code.

To illustrate, boilers were operating in 1914 at a maximum pressure

of 275 psi and temperature of 600°F. Today, boilers are designed for

pressures as high as 5000 psi and temperatures of 1100°F, and pres-

sure vessels for pressures of 3000 psi and over and for temperatures

ranging from –350°F to more than 1000°F.

Each new material, design, fabrication method, and protective device

brought new problems to the Boiler Code Committee, requiring the

expert technical advice of many subcommittees in order to expedite

proper additions to and revisions of the Code. As a result of the splen-

did work done by these committees, the ASME Boiler and Pressure

Vessel Code has been developed; it is a set of standards that assures

every state of the safe design and construction of all boiler and pressure

vessels used within its borders and is used around the world as a basis

for enhancing public health, safety, and welfare. Many foreign manu-

facturers are accredited under the provisions of the ASME Boiler and

Pressure Vessel Code.

Procedure for Obtaining the Code Symbol

and Certificate

Users of pressure vessels prefer to order ASME Code vessels because

they know that such vessels will be designed, fabricated, and inspected

to an approved quality control system in compliance with a safe stan-

dard. Pressure vessel manufacturers want the Code symbol and

Certificate of Authorization so that they will be able to bid for Code

work, thereby broadening their business opportunities. They also

believe that authorization to build Code vessels will enhance the repu-

tation of their shop.

If a company is interested in building Code vessels according to the

ASME Section VIII, Division 1, Pressure Vessels Code, it should

acquaint itself with Code Pars. U-2 and UG-92, which outline the manu-

facturer’s responsibilities and define the requirements for an inspector.

This third party in the manufacturer’s plant, by virtue of being autho-

rized by the state to do Code inspection, is the legal representation which

permits the manufacturer to fabricate under state laws (the ASME Code).

Manufacturers who want to construct Code vessels covered by

Section VIII, Division 1, obligate themselves with respect to quality

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