US Army Aviation Course_Basic Aerodynamics Al0966.pdf

SUBCOURSE EDITION

AL0966 B

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

BASIC AERODYNAMICS

Subcourse Number AL0966

EDITION B

US Army Aviation Logistics School

Fort Eustis, Virginia 23604-5439

2 Credit Hours

Edition Date: JULY 1994

SUBCOURSE OVERVIEW

This subcourse is to be completed on a self-study basis. You will grade the practice exercise when you

complete it using the answer key which is enclosed. If you have answered any question incorrectly,

study the question reference shown on the answer key and evaluate all possible solutions.

There are no prerequisites for this subcourse.

This subcourse reflects the doctrine which was current at the time it was prepared. In your own work

situation, always refer to the latest official publications.

Unless otherwise stated, the masculine gender of singular pronouns is used to refer to both men and

women.

TERMINAL LEARNING OBJECTIVE

ACTION:

You will identify policies, procedures and methods for discussing the effect of the

atmosphere on flight, basic aerodynamics, and helicopter fundamentals.

CONDITIONS: You will use the material in this subcourse.

STANDARD: To demonstrate competency of this task, you must achieve a minimum of 70% on the

subcourse.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION

Page

Subcourse Overview..................................................................................................................................i

Administrative Instructions......................................................................................................................iv

Grading and Certification Instructions.....................................................................................................iv

Lesson 1. EFFECT OF THE ATMOSPHERE ON FLIGHT........................................................ 1

General.......................................................................................................................... 2

Composition of the Atmosphere................................................................................... 2

Structure........................................................................................................................ 3

Temperature Variation with Altitude............................................................................ 3

Density altitude............................................................................................................. 5

Summary....................................................................................................................... 6

Lesson 2. BASIC AERODYNAMICS.......................................................................................... 7

General.......................................................................................................................... 7

Bernoulli's Theorem...................................................................................................... 7

Newton's Laws.............................................................................................................. 7

Forces Acting on an Aircraft......................................................................................... 9

Airfoils.......................................................................................................................... 10

Angle of Attack............................................................................................................. 11

Stall............................................................................................................................... 12

Ailerons and Flaps........................................................................................................ 13

Stability......................................................................................................................... 15

Cantilever Wings.......................................................................................................... 16

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Page

Boundary Layer............................................................................................................. 16

Speed Brakes................................................................................................................. 16

Empennage Group......................................................................................................... 18

Summary....................................................................................................................... 18

Lesson 3. HELICOPTER FUNDAMENTALS............................................................................. 19

General.......................................................................................................................... 19

The Four Forces Acting on a Helicopter....................................................................... 20

Controls......................................................................................................................... 20

Velocity......................................................................................................................... 21

Torque........................................................................................................................... 21

Antitorque Rotor........................................................................................................... 21

Gyroscopic Precession.................................................................................................. 23

Dissymmetry of Lift...................................................................................................... 24

Retreating Blade Stall................................................................................................... 25

Setting with Power........................................................................................................ 27

Pendular Action............................................................................................................ 27

Hovering....................................................................................................................... 27

Ground Effect................................................................................................................ 28

Translational Lift........................................................................................................... 28

Autorotation.................................................................................................................. 30

Summary....................................................................................................................... 33

APPENDIX I. REFERENCES....................................................................................................... 34

II. GLOSSARY........................................................................................................... 35

INDEX ................................................................................................................................................. 38

PRACTICE EXERCISE ...................................................................................................................... 39

Practice Exercise Solution.............................................................................................. 44

EXAMINATION ...................................................................................................................................45

iii

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GRADING AND CERTIFICATION INSTRUCTIONS

Examination: This subcourse contains a multiple-choice examination covering the material in the

three lessons. After studying the lessons and working through the practice exercises, complete the

examination. Mark your answers in the subcourse booklet, then transfer them to the ACCP examination

response sheet. Completely black out the lettered oval which corresponds to your selection (A, B, C, or

D). Use a number 2 lead pencil to mark your responses. When you complete the ACCP examination

response sheet, mail it in the preaddressed envelope you received with this subcourse. You will receive

an examination score in the mail. You will receive two credit hours for successful completion of this

examination.

AL0966

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