spanishgramar.pdf

Spanish Verbs

and

Essential Grammar

Review

Prepared by: Professor Carmen L. Torres-Robles

Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures

Purdue University Calumet

Revised: 1 /2003

Layout by: Nancy J. Tilka

CONTENTS

Spanish Verbs

Introduction 4

Indicative Mood 5

® simple & compound tenses: present, past, future, conditional

Subjunctive Mood 12

® simple & compound tenses: present, past

Ser / Estar 16

Essential Grammar

Pronouns 20

Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns 23

Prepositional Pronouns 25

Por versus Para 27

Comparisons / Superlatives 31

Preterite / Imperfect 34

Subjunctive Mood 37

Commands 42

Passive Voice 46

Spanish Verbs

INTRODUCTION

VERBS ( VERBOS )

MOODS ( MODOS )

There are three moods or ways to express verbs (actions) in Spanish.

1. Indicative Mood (objective)

2. Subjunctive Mood (subjective)

3. Imperative Mood (commands)

INFINITIVES (INFINITIVOS)

A verb in the purest form (without a noun or subject pronoun to perform the action) is called an

infinitive. The infinitives in English are characterized by the prefix “to” + “verb form”, the Spanish

infinitives are identified by the “ r ” ending.

Example

estudia r , come r , dormi r

to study, to eat, to sleep

CONJUGATIONS (CONJUGACIONES)

Spanish verbs are grouped in three categories or conjugations.

1. Infinitives ending in –ar belong to the first conjugation.

( estudi ar )

3. Infinitives ending in –ir belong to the third conjugation.

( dorm ir )

VERB STRUCTURE (ESTRUCTURA VERBAL)

Spanish verbs are divided into three parts. (infinitive: estudiar )

1. Stem or Root

( estudi - )

2. Theme Vowel

( - a - )

3. " R " Ending

(- r )

CONJUGATED VERBS (VERBOS CONJUGADOS)

To conjugate a verb, a verb must have an explicit subject noun (ex: María ), a subject pronoun ( yo, tú,

usted, él, ella, nosotros(as), vosotros(as), ustedes, ellos, ellas ), or an implicit subject, to indicate the

performer of the action.

*ATTENTION*

Subject pronouns are not used as frequently in Spanish as in English. They are used mainly for

emphasis or clarification in Spanish since the ending of the conjugated verb often indicates the subject

performing the action.

TENSES (TIEMPOS)

Actions (verbs) can be expressed either in the present, past , future , or conditional tenses. They appear

in either simple or compound forms.

REGULAR/IRREGULAR VERBS ( VERBOS REGULARES/IRREGULARES )

Verbs that do not require changes in their stems are considered regular . Verbs requiring spelling or

stem changes are considered irregular .

2. Infinitives ending in –e r belong to the second conjugation.

( com er )

INDICATIVE MOOD

(SIMPLE TENSES)

PRESENT TENSE

REGULAR VERBS

The present tense endings for regular verbs are as follows:

-ar conjugation

-er conjugation

-ir conjugation

-o

-amos

-o

-emos

-o

-imos

-as

-áis

-es

-éis

-es

-ís

-a

-an

-e

-en

-e

-en

habl ar (to speak)

com er (to eat)

viv ir (to live)

habl o

habl amos

com o

com emos

viv o

viv imos

habl as

habl áis

com es

com éis

viv es

viv ís

habl a

habl an

com e

com en

viv e

viv en

IRREGULAR VERBS

1. Irregular “ yo ” Form

The verbs listed below are irregular only in the yo form.

Example

infinitive go

hacer (to make; to do) ha go

poner (to put) pon go

traer (to bring) trai go

salir (to leave; to go out) sal go

valer (to be worth)

val go

caer (to fall)

cai go

Example

infinitive + z + co

cono c er (to know) cono zco

desapare c er (to disappear) desapare zco

obede c er

(to obey)

obede zco

produ c ir

(to produce) produ zco

condu c ir

(to drive)

condu zco

tradu c ir

(to translate) tradu zco

Example

infinitive

gu ﬁ go

distin gu ir (to distinguish)

distin go

Example

infinitive

cer ﬁ zo

conven cer (to convince)

conven zo

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