The Archaeological Master Plan of the Central Waterfront City of Toronto, Ontario.pdf

The Archaeological Master Plan of the

Central Waterfront

City of Toronto, Ontario

Prepared for

Heritage Preservation Services

Toronto City Hall

Second Floor

100 Queen Street West, Suite A18

Toronto, Ontario M5H 2N2

Prepared by

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SERVICES INC.

528 Bathurst Street

Toronto, Ontario M5S 2P9

Tel: (416) 966-1069 Fax: (416) 966-9723

Email: archaeology@sympatico.ca

Website: www.archaeologicalservices.on.ca

in association with

HISTORICA RESEARCH LIMITED

458 Queens Avenue, Suite 458

London, Ontario N6B 1X9

File #00TO-07

September 22, 2003

CUESTA SYSTEMS INC.

5230 South Service Road

Burlington, Ontario L7L 5K2

PROJECT PERSONNEL

Project Director:

Dr. Ronald Williamson 1

Project Historians:

Ms. Mary MacDonald 1

Mr. Christopher Andreae 2

Project Archaeologist:

Mr. Robert MacDonald 1

Report Preparation:

Ms. Mary MacDonald

Mr. Robert MacDonald

Ms. Irena Miklavcic 1

Mr. David Robertson 1

Dr. Ronald Williamson

GIS Mapping:

Ms. Brenda Stephens 3

1 Archaeological Services Inc.

2 Historica Research Limited

3 Cuesta Systems Inc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project Personnel ............................................................................. i

Table of Contents ............................................................................ ii

List of Figures .............................................................................. iii

List of Tables ............................................................................... iv

Executive Summary .......................................................................... v

1.0

INTRODUCTION .................................................................... 1

1.1

1.2

Study Background And Objectives ................................................ 1

1.3

Archaeological Resources As Cultural Heritage: Definitions ............................ 2

Defining Cultural Heritage ............................................... 2

Defining Archaeological Resources ........................................ 4

2.0

THE DEVELOPMENT OF TORONTO’S SHORELINE: AN OVERVIEW ...................... 7

2.1

Introduction .................................................................. 7

2.2

Historical Context ............................................................ 11

The Precontact Cultural-Historical Background .............................. 11

Post Contact ......................................................... 16

Founding the Town of York ............................................. 16

Early Industry on the Waterfront .......................................... 17

The Railway Era ...................................................... 18

Late Nineteenth-century Waterfront Development ............................ 19

The Twentieth Century: Land Raised and Reclaimed.......................... 21

2.4

Conclusion.................................................................. 22

3.0

SITE INVENTORY ................................................................. 23

3.1

Introduction ................................................................. 23

3.2

Toronto Waterfront: West ...................................................... 23

W1 Western Lakeshore Parcel ........................................... 25

W2 Fort Rouillé ....................................................... 25

W3 The New Fort ..................................................... 28

W4 Central Prison ..................................................... 30

W5 Great Western Railway Engine House and Turntable ...................... 32

W6 Old Fort York ..................................................... 33

W7 Grand Trunk Railway Roundhouse .................................... 36

W8 Queen’s Wharf .................................................... 37

3.3

Toronto Waterfront: Central .................................................... 40

C1 Canadian Pacific Railway Roundhouse .................................. 42

C2 The Commodore Jarvis .............................................. 44

3.4

Toronto Waterfront: East ...................................................... 47

E1 Polson Iron Works and Knapp’s Roller Boat ............................. 49

E2 Parliament Buildings ................................................ 51

E3 Gooderham and Worts Distillery ....................................... 53

E4 Cherry Street Dry Dock .............................................. 56

E5 Sandbar, Peninsula and the Port Industrial District ......................... 57

3.5

Toronto Islands (T1) .......................................................... 59

3.6

Defining Archaeological Potential ............................................... 64

4.0

PLANNING FOR ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE CENTRAL WATERFRONT AREA 65

4.1

The Threats To Archaeological Resources ......................................... 65

4.2

Jurisdiction Over Archaeological Resources........................................ 66

Conservation And Change: Some Key Concepts ..................................... 1

2.3

Physiographic Context.......................................................... 7

4.3

Provincial Legislation ......................................................... 66

The Planning Act...................................................... 66

The Environmental Assessment Act ....................................... 69

Other Provincial Legislation ............................................. 69

4.4

Federal Legislation ........................................................... 70

4.5

Ownership .................................................................. 71

4.7

Implementation .............................................................. 73

Introduction .......................................................... 73

New Procedures ...................................................... 73

4.8

The Planning Review Process ................................................... 74

Toronto Waterfront Co-operative Environmental Assessment Process ............ 78

The Municipal Project Review Process .................................... 79

Development Permit System ............................................. 79

4.9

Assessing Resource Impacts and Identifying Mitigation Strategies ...................... 79

4.10

Planning and Recommendations ................................................. 83

Recommendation 1 .................................................... 83

Recommendation 2 .................................................... 83

Recommendation 3 .................................................... 83

Recommendation 4 .................................................... 83

Recommendation 5 .................................................... 83

Recommendation 6 .................................................... 84

4.11

Data Access ................................................................. 84

4.12

Public Programmes and Interpretation ............................................ 85

Site Interpretive Potential and Public Programmes in Archaeology ............... 85

Recommendation 7 .................................................... 86

4.13

Archaeological Collections from Sites in the City of Toronto: Management and Curation .... 86

REFERENCES CITED ...................................................................... 87

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Bathymetric Chart of Toronto Central Waterfront ........................................... 8

Figure 2: A. Aitken’s Plan of York Harbour, 1793. ................................................. 9

Figure 3: View west to the entrance of Toronto Harbour in 1793 ...................................... 11

Figure 4: The city in 1854 before railway building had made its mark on the waterfront ................... 18

Figure 5: The central waterfront between the Don River and Jarvis Street, 1915 .......................... 20

Figure 6: The West Toronto Waterfront: Site Inventory.............................................. 24

Figure 7: The Western Lakeshore Parcel (W1)..................................................... 25

Figure 8: Fort Rouillé (W2) ................................................................... 27

Figure 9: The New Fort (W3) as built by 1842. .................................................... 28

Figure 10: Composite map of the of the New Fort (W3), circa 1840-1950 within the context of the CNE grounds . 30

Figure 11: The Central Prison (W4) as depicted in the 1878 Illustrated Historical Atlas of York County ........ 31

Figure 12: The Great Western Railway Terminal (W5) in 1858 ....................................... 32

Figure 13: Fort York (W6[a]) in 1805. .......................................................... 34

Figure 14: An 1814 plan of various military features. Left: the Western Battery (W6[d]). Upper right: the Ravine

Blockhouse (see W8). Lower right: the Gibraltar Point Blockhouse. ............................ 36

Figure 15: Plan of the Grand Trunk Railway (W7) and Queen’s Wharf (W8)............................. 38

Figure 16: The Central Toronto Waterfront: Site Inventory. .......................................... 41

Figure 17: The Canadian Pacific Railway Roundhouse (C1) and associated shoreline features. .............. 43

Figure 18: View of the remains of the hull and interior of the Commodore Jarvis (C2). .................... 46

Figure 19: Shoreline features encountered during the construction of the Air Canada Centre in the vicinity of C2. 46

Figure 20: The East Toronto Waterfront: Site Inventory. ............................................ 48

Figure 21: The launching of Knapp’s Roller Boat from the ways of Polson’s Iron Works, September 1895. .... 50

Figure 22: Knapp’s Roller Boat rusting in the Frederick Steet Slip, September 1914 . ..................... 50

iii

4.6

Conserving Archaeological Resources: Opportunities And Obstacles .................... 72

Figure 23: The results of the 2000 test excavations in the area of the Parliament Buildings (E2) ............. 53

Figure 24: The Gooderham and Worts distillery (E3) near the mouth of the Don River. .................... 55

Figure 25: The Cherry Street dry dock in 1898 (from Stinson 1990:18) ................................. 56

Figure 26: View north along the line of the Government Breakwater (from Stinson 1990:18) ................ 57

Figure 27: The Toronto Harbour Commission Engineering Department Plan showing property reclaimed by

Harbour Commission departmental hydraulic dredges during season of 1913. .................... 58

Figure 28: The Toronto Islands: Site Inventory .................................................... 60

Figure 29: Plan of the Harbour, Fort and Town of York, The Capital of Upper Canada March 16, 1816. ....... 61

Figure 30: Toronto Island Cottage .............................................................. 62

Figure 31: Toronto Island as depicted on the 1912 Toronto Harbour Commissioners Waterfront Development

Property Ownership Plan .............................................................. 63

Figure 32: Quaternary Geology of the Toronto Islands .............................................. 63

Figure 33: Planning Review Process ............................................................ 75

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Characteristic Tree Species in the Site Regions of Southcentral Ontario ......................... 10

Table 2: Southern Ontario Precontact Culture-History .............................................. 12

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